<p>The Dr. Jesse Wasson Building, also known as the Knights of Pythias Lodge and the K. P. Building, is a historic building located in La Porte City, Iowa, United States. The late Victorian structure is the oldest surviving example of stone construction and the only extant first generation commercial building in La Porte City. It was built by Dr. Jesse Wasson for his office. Wasson founded the town and served it as postmaster, physician, newspaper publisher and editor, mayor, and its primary booster. He also served on the Black Hawk County Board of Supervisors and in the Iowa Legislature. The two-story native limestone structure features a unified canted entry. It has two symmetrical primary façades that face both Main and locust Streets. Both facades have a centered entry. The various owners of the building include the local Knights of Pythias lodge who used it for their purposes from 1914 to 1961. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1999.</p><br>
<p>Brisbane Boys College Buildings are the heritage-listed private school buildings at Brisbane Boys College, 55 Moggill Road, Toowong, City of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. They were built from 1930 to 1950. They were added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The school was founded as Rudds College in 1902 at Clayfield by A.W. Rudd. In 1918 it was taken over by the Presbyterian and Methodist Schools Association and renamed Brisbane Boys College.</p><br>
<p>The main three-storeyed masonry school building, was built in 1930 at Toowong, on land donated by the daughters of Sir Robert Philp. Opened in 1931, the school with its boarding facilities was contained in one building. The building was designed by architects Atkinson and Conrad, who were also responsible for the design of The Southport School -1928, and the Church of England Grammar School at East Brisbane 1917-1930.</p><br>
<p>Another storey was added to the main tower by 1950. The verandahs of the main building were enclosed to provide further accommodation but were opened again in 1989.</p><br>
<p>The headmaster&#39;s residence was built in 1936. It also was designed by Atkinson & Conrad. The school has continued to grow and now consists of numerous other buildings with an enrolment of over 1000 students.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Sited slightly below the ridge of Kensington Terrace, the main building is a three-storeyed rendered masonry Spanish Mission style building. Classroom wings with terracotta tiled hipped roofs flank a central entrance, tower, and campanile. It has concrete floors, timber doors, steel hopper windows to the upper storeys, red brick sills, and rich decorative features to the facades and interior.</p><br>
<p>Seen from Moggill Road, the building rises above surrounding vegetation and roofs, being the most prominent building on the hillside. From within the school grounds, it dominates views up the hill from the north to the east, the campanile in particular being consistently visible. The neighbouring school buildings have been limited in height, preserving the vistas to and from the building.</p><br>
<p>The main entrance to the school is located on the northern frontage, which is two storeyed and divided into five bays. The central bay is gabled and features the main entrance doorway; the doorway is arched and set in a decorated rectangular frame. The two bays which flank the central entrance bays are arcaded with verandahs above, while the two outer bays have paired arched windows and tiled awnings.</p><br>
<p>The southern frontage, which overlooks the hillside, is three-storeyed, and also has five bays. The central bay, containing the chapel, extends out from the building, and has a hipped roof, with a small gable to the south. The tower behind rises another two storeys above the chapel, and has a pyramid roof. The flat-roofed campanile rises above the tower, and has an entrance at its base with a small round balconette above. The chapel has large arched windows with smaller arched windows above. The bays flanking the chapel and campanile are arcaded up to the second storey.</p><br>
<p>Decorative features to both frontages include gargoyles, twisted columns between arched windows and to principal doorways, and arched cornices to gables, the tower and the campanile. A three-storeyed annex extends to the north-east, sitting a half a storey below the rest of the building; it has a hipped roof, rectangular windows, tiled awnings to the south and a timber porch to the north.</p><br>
<p>Notable features of the interior include timber panelling and two stained glass windows, one depicting the arts, the other, the sciences, in the main entrance foyer. The chapel has a stained glass window to the south.</p><br>
<p>The headmaster&#39;s residence is an asymmetrical gabled composition in matching materials to the main building. It has three gables to the north, two timber-lined, with a smaller gable over the entrance, and is situated above an escarpment to the north of the main building.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Brisbane Boys&#39; College Buildings were listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>Brisbane Boys&#39; College, Toowong, is significant historically for its association with the work of the Presbyterian and Methodist Churches in the provision of education for boys in Queensland since 1918.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The main building demonstrates the principal characteristics of a substantial school building in the interwar Spanish Mission style, and the Headmaster&#39;s Residence is a good example of an interwar rendered masonry house.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The place is important for its aesthetic values, in particular the accomplished design in the composition of forms and detailing of the main building, which is also a prominent local landmark.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>The place has social significance as the alma mater of the sons of thousands of Protestant families in Queensland.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The main building and headmaster&#39;s residence are significant examples of the work of Brisbane architects Atkinson and Conrad, who designed a number of substantial private school buildings in Queensland during the interwar period.</p><br>
<p>The Sweat-Comings Company House is a historic two-family house at 10–12 Powell Street in Richford, Vermont. Built in 1909, it is a rare surviving example of an early company-built boarding house. It was sold into private ownership in 1924, and is a good local example of vernacular Colonial Revival architecture. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2004.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Sweat-Comings Company House stands in the Richford&#39;s main village, on the south side of Powell Street, a residential street just off Main Street. The house is a two story wood frame structure, with a hip roof and clapboarded exterior. Its main facade is three bays wide, with sash windows in the upper floor, and sash windows flanking a pair of entrances in the center bay on the ground floor. A single-story hip-roofed porch extends across the front, with a shingled skirt and round posts. A gable rises in the roof above the central bay, with a small window at its center. The interior retains a number of original finishes, including hardwood floors, trim elements, plaster walls, and a French door in the downstairs unit.</p><br>
<p>The house was built in 1909, after a fire swept through Richford in 1907, destroying part of its downtown and the Sweat-Comings factory complex, located between Powell Street and the Missisquoi River. The factory complex was rebuilt in 1909, and this house was built next to it, on the site of a tenement house that had also been burned. According to local histories, this house was at first home to the factory&#39;s night watchman, and also served as a boarding house for single workers. It was moved in 1924 to its present location, roughly across the street from its original position. An attached garage was moved to a different location in Richford.</p><br>
<p>The Woodbury Graded School is a historic school building at 63 Valley Lake Road in Woodbury, Vermont. Built in 1919, it is a prominent local example of Colonial Revival architecture, and of a period grade school. The building continues to serve its original purpose, now called the Woodbury Elementary School, and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1993.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Woodbury Graded School is located on the western fringe of Woodbury&#39;s small village center, on the south side of Valley Lake Road. It is a two story wood frame building, with a hip roof and exterior of wooden shingles and clapboards. The roof has an eave with exposed rafter ends, two large chimneys rising from the long ends, and a hip roofed dormer at the center of the long side. The main entrance, centered on the long side, is sheltered by a broad gable-roofed hood, supported by plain triangular brackets; its gable and eave have similar exposed rafter ends. The entry area includes a main entrance halfway between the basement and first floor levels, with a handicap ramp rising on the right side to a second entrance at the first floor. It has bands of sash windows, a characteristic of period schools mandated by state standards.</p><br>
<p>The school was built in 1919, as part of the towns efforts to consolidate its district schools, and to handle an influx of students after the areas economy boomed because of its successful granite quarries. The building has continued to serve as the town&#39;s primary school since its construction, and presently serves grades K-6.</p><br>
<p>The Lucy Ruggles House is a historic house at 262 South Prospect Street in Burlington, Vermont. Its main section built in 1857, it is a prominent local example of Italianate architecture, with both older and newer ells to the rear. It is now home to a non-profit senior living facility, operating on the premises since 1932. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2005.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Lucy Ruggles House is located in eastern Burlington, south of the central campus of the University of Vermont. It is located on the east side of South Prospect Street, between the two ends of Robinson Parkway, a residential loop road built on part of the house&#39;s former estate. The house is a 2-1/2 story brick building, whose main section is Italianate in style. Distinctive features include paired brackets in the eaves, a single-story porch wrapping across the front and side, and large three-story mansard-roofed tower at the front left. To the rear of the house is a two-story ell that was probably built in the 1820s, with a 20th century addition extending further to the rear. The interior of the main block retains most of its original Italianate woodwork, while the first ell contains traces of Greek Revival styling.</p><br>
<p>The oldest portion of the house, its first ell, was probably built in the 1820s by Jesse Hollister, a veteran of the American Revolutionary War. Its Italianate main section was built in 1857 by George DeForest, a resident of New York City who turned the property into a summer estate. In 1927 10 acre of the estate, including the main house, was purchased by Dr. Charles Robinson, who subdivided the land for additional housing, and opened a sanitarium in the house.</p><br>
<p>In 1930, the house was purchased by the Ruggles Foundation. Established by bequest from Lucy Ruggles, a teacher with no connection to Burlington, the foundation&#39;s objective was to provide an affordable retirement premises for teachers. Opened in 1932, its endowment declined over time, and the facility was slated to close in 2000. It was purchased by Cathedral Square in 2001 and extensively rehabilitated, including restoration of its public rooms and the construction of the rear addition. It now houses 14 studio apartments.</p><br>
<p>The Hotel Russell-Lamson is a historic building located in Waterloo, Iowa, United States. Clyde 0. Lamson, a real estate developer, and his wife Lillian Russell Lamson were instrumental in the construction of the hotel. Completed in 1914, it uses their family names for its name. The Chicago architectural firm of Marshall & Fox designed the eight-story Georgian Revival building. It utilizes the base-shaft-capital configuration that is typical for this building type. The base is composed of rusticated Bedford limestone, which extends to the mezzanine level. The shaft is six floors of red brick veneer. It contrasts with the limestone trim. The capital is a rather simple cornice composed of moldings and a row of dentils.</p><br>
<p>From 1919 to 1921 the hotel became the home of the Greater Waterloo Association. It was the result of a merger of four organizations that had worked separately to improve and develop the city. Black Hawk Broadcasting Company established radio station KWWL in the hotel in 1947, and television station KWWL in 1953. Studios for both stations were located in the hotel until 1958. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1988. The 250-room hotel has been converted into a 90-unit apartment building.</p><br>
<p>Grace Methodist Episcopal Church, also known as Mount Moriah Missionary Baptist Church, is a historic building located in Waterloo, Iowa, United States. The congregation that built this building was organized in 1861 as First Methodist Episcopal Church. They built church buildings in 1865 at Lafayette and East Fifth Streets, and then at East Fourth and Mulberry Streets in 1877. They changed their name to Grace in 1895. They completed this building at Walnut and East Fifth Streets in 1913. The brick, Neoclassical structure designed by Turnbill & Jones features a large central dome and a large classical portico with six Ionic columns. Mount Moriah Missionary Baptist Church acquired the building from Grace United Methodist in 1996. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2011.</p><br>
<p>The Buckingham House is a historic brickhouse in Sevierville, Tennessee, USA. Built in 1795 by Thomas Buckingham, the first sheriff of Sevier County, it is the oldest house in the county. It was designed in the Federal architectural style. It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The land was home to Cherokees until European settlers, led by John Sevier, chased them away between 1776 and 1785. It was subsequently purchased from Sevier by Thomas Buckingham, who served as the first sheriff of Sevier County.</p><br>
<p>With his brother Ephriam, Thomas Buckingham built this brickhouse in 1795, making it the oldest remaining house in Sevier County. It was designed in the Federal architectural style. It overlooks the French Broad River.</p><br>
<p>By 1890, an additional ell, with two rooms and a porch, was built.</p><br>
<p>The house has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since March 18, 1971.</p><br>
<p>Brisbane Grammar School Buildings are a heritage-listed group of private school buildings of Brisbane Grammar School, 24 Gregory Terrace, Spring Hill, City of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. They were added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 August 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Brisbane Grammar School, constituted under the Grammar School Act 1860-1864, was officially opened on 1 February 1869 under the headmastership of Thomas Harlin. It was the second Grammar School established in Queensland under the 1860 Grammar Schools Act (Ipswich Grammar School was the first).</p><br>
<p>The first buildings designed by architect Benjamin Backhouse with later additions by Richard George Suter were erected on a site along Roma Street and were demolished in 1911.</p><br>
<p>Following the expansion of the railway network, the school moved to the present site on Gregory Terrace. The foundation stone was laid by the Chairman of Trustees, Hon Charles Lilley on 28 November 1879. The site granted by the Queensland Government in 1878 was bounded on three sides by Gregory Terrace, College Road (then known as New Road), and the railway line. In addition the School was granted by the government a piece of land across the railway line for a sporting ground and a corresponding area was excised from the south west corner of the Gregory Terrace site.</p><br>
<p>Arranging of the drive and tree planting including the planting of an avenue of Moreton Bay Figs along the main drive was carried out at the new site by School Trustee and founding member of the Acclimatisation Society Lewis Adolphus Bernays. In 1918 the figs on the northern side of the drive were replaced by cocos palms. In 1881, students moved to the new school. The Main Building, comprising the Great Hall with single storeyed wings of classrooms on either side, was designed by architect James Cowlishaw. It was built to face College Road, overlooking the city and the old school. In the same year two Moreton Bay figs were planted by Prince Albert and Prince George (later King George V) in the drive.</p><br>
<p>Not until the opening in 1887 of the School House, designed by architect Richard Gailey, was accommodation provided for boarders within the school grounds. The three storeyed School House also provided accommodation for headmaster, Reginald Heber Roe and his family. In 1909 Roe resigned to become the Inspector General and Chief Educational Advisor in the Department of Public Instruction and former deputy Frederick Sydney Newman Bousfield became headmaster. In the same year, additions and alterations by architect George David Payne were carried out to the School House. Payne, who was the father of two boys at the school, was also responsible for the 1912 additions to the Main Building comprising a chemistry laboratory and physics laboratory which were erected at a cost of less than £6,000 and for the New Building erected in 1916 by the Works Department at a cost of £4,983. At this time levelling of the hill wicket was carried out. Later, in 1925 the Works Department carried out further work at the school with the addition of a second floor to the classroom wings of the Main Building.</p><br>
<p>On 11 August 1921, a World War I trophy, a "German" field gun donated to the school by old boy, Brigadier General Lachlan Chisholm Wilson, was unveiled.</p><br>
<p>The War Memorial Library was opened on Armistice Day 1924 by Queensland Governor Matthew Nathan. Built as a memorial to some 1,020 members of the School who served during World War I, it was erected to the design of architect John Barr, who had succeeded in a competition held amongst old boys of the school and subscribers to the War Memorial fund.</p><br>
<p>In 1928, former deputy Stuart Stephenson was appointed Headmaster and an appeal was launched to transform the Hill Wicket into a new turf cricket ground. The new turf which was levelled under the unemployment scheme was opened in 1932. In 1931 part of the oval was excised for the making of Gilcrest Avenue and in return the school was granted a portion of Victoria Park. With the depression, direct government funding and indirect funding via state scholarships was reduced. In the mid 1930s various improvements financed by government grant were undertaken and Brisbane City Council workmen beautified the approach and entrance to the school grounds with gardens, lawns, and rockeries.</p><br>
<p>Old boy George Carson-Cooling was appointed Headmaster in 1940 and was followed by Henry Robert Pigott in 1948. The oval across Gilcrest Avenue was leased from 1948-1966 to Ballymore. In the early 1950s beautification of the grounds was undertaken including planting shrubs on the frontage facing Brisbane; levelling part of the entrance road; making gardens at the gate and around the School House; a low stone wall and garden beds were made by fathers in 1955 to the College Road entrance; a start was made on filling up part of "no man&#39;s land" between boys and girls school to make a new playing field; and the main football ground was extended to full size with space for a running track and miniature rifle range.</p><br>
<p>In 1953, Allen Ernest McLucas was appointed Headmaster. In that year the Frank Walker Gymnasium was opened and in the following year, the Old Boys Second World War Memorial Swimming Pool was opened.</p><br>
<p>Harold Frederick Newell was appointed Head in 1956. New entrance gates were erected in 1959 and a new science block opened in 1960. In 1961 a players pavilion was erected on the oval and in the following year the headmaster moved from the School House to a brick residence erected in the grounds. In 1963, a wing of four classrooms was added to the Main Building and the Newell Quadrangle was completed by the following year.</p><br>
<p>The Centenary Building Project was announced in 1964. It included the building of the Centennial Hall and the Library. Other work included the construction of Advanced Science Laboratories (1965); the conversion of the Science Wing into administration offices and masters common room (1966), the Manual Training Building (1967); additions to the School House (1972); the Humanities Building (1975); the addition of two floors to the Manual Training Building to become the Language Laboratory (1981); and the Music Auditorium (1982).</p><br>
<p>In 1982 the permanent closure of Kalinga Avenue between the Brisbane Grammar School and Brisbane Girls Grammar School was granted. In 1992, the Old Correspondence School, located on what was intended as part of the original endowment land, was purchased from the Queensland Government.</p><br>
<h3>Main Building</h3><br>
<p>The Main Building, comprising the Great Hall and classroom wings, was designed by architect James Cowlishaw and erected in 1880 with a second floor added to the classroom wings by the Public Works Department in 1925. It was the first building to be erected at the Brisbane Grammar School&#39;s new Gregory Terrace site.</p><br>
<p>With the expansion of the Roma Street railway yards, the school was forced to move to a new location selected on Gregory Terrace. On 28 November 1879 the foundation stone was laid by Chairman of Trustees and school benefactor, the Hon Charles Lilley.</p><br>
<p>By 1881, the new building costing some £12,000, had been completed by contractor, W MacFarlane. A detached wooden cottage was also erected for the caretaker and included a dining room for the pupils. Like the Main Building, this featured the use of the quatrefoil motif. The new school overlooked both the old school site and the city. Its hill top location was considered salubrious and picturesque. Cowlishaw&#39;s Collegiate Gothic design provided for a large central hall, with single storeyed classroom wings on either side. It was brick and roofed with banded Bangor slates with cast iron cresting on the ridges.</p><br>
<p>The main entry, facing the city, was by a covered carriage porch of Oamaru stone bearing a number of carvings, and which led to the Great Hall. Inside, the ceiling was coloured sky blue and decorated with hundreds of gold stars. Soon after the opening the large stained glass windows, funded by subscriptions, were installed. Made by Ferguson and Urie of Melbourne, they are thought to be the earliest Australian produced windows in Queensland. Both windows are used to portray the ideals of the school. The northern window shows a young Queen Victoria flanked by men famous in British history, including maritime and military leaders, statesmen, poets, playwrights, and men of science, who look down on the boys inviting them to "emulate their noble deeds". The theme of the southern grisaille window speaks of the rewards bestowed by the Crown for loyalty and service. On either side of the Great Hall were the class room wings including Headmaster&#39;s office and science laboratory. As in the Great Hall, the ceilings and rafters of these rooms were coloured.</p><br>
<p>In 1912, the Science Wing comprising chemistry and physics laboratories was added to the eastern wing by architect GD Payne. Major additions were undertaken in 1925, when a second floor containing ten new classrooms was added to what had previously been the single storeyed class room wings. In 1924, in response to rising enrolments, the Trustees of the school wrote to the Queensland Government Architect requesting that plans be prepared for eight additional classrooms. A proposal to extend the New Building was considered by the Public Works Department where the Chief Architect at the time was William James Ewart, an old boy. In the following year the plan was rejected in favour of a proposal by old boy architect Arnold Edwin Brooks, to add the second floor. The proposal was considered by the Trustees to further dignify the architectural beauty of the building. It was also considered cheaper than the erection of a separate building. Leonard James Kempster of the Public Works Department modified that proposal to enable the existing ground floor to be altered as little as possible thereby retaining the ground floor. The work, which cost £11,290 involved the raising of the existing roof to form the roof of the second storey and included the removal of fireplaces and chimneys and the replacement of the slate tiled roof.</p><br>
<p>In 1935, under architect Thomas Ramsay Hall, an old boy, the slate roof of the Great Hall was renewed and the outside walls repaired. The stained glass window designed by William Bustard and executed by RS Exton was unveiled in 1951. It was donated by the Old Boys in memory of Maud Carson-Cooling, the wife of Headmaster George Carson-Cooling. Various works were undertaken during the mid 1950s, under the supervision of Professor Robert Percy Cummings including the repair of the roof of the main building, the renovation of the cloisters, the releading of the stained glass windows of the Great Hall; and the repainting of the interior of the Hall in an array of colours including the 500 gold stars on the ceiling.</p><br>
<p>In response to changes in education policy, in 1963, a two-storeyed addition was made to the western wing consisting of 4 classrooms to accommodate what amounted to a double intake for the following year.</p><br>
<p>Lining the walls of the Great Hall are a number of honour boards and memorials. These include a bronze memorial plate designed by old boy architect Robin Dods in 1897 in memory of school benefactor Sir Charles Lilley. In 1902 Dods also designed the cedar TJ Byrnes Honour Board, erected in memory of an old boy and former Premier of Queensland, Thomas Joseph Byrnes. In 1938, the Honour Board was extended with two lateral wings to Dods&#39; original design. In 1916, an Honour Board, designed by TR Hall containing the names of 640 old boys who joined the Imperial forces during World War I was unveiled together with tablets to Lt Colonel Hubert Jennings Imrie Harris and Captain Thomas Joseph Brundrit. In 1949, the World War II honour board, designed by old boy architect Dean Stocker Prangley, was unveiled. In the 1950s reorganisation of the interior of the Hall to accommodate the various memorials was carried out including the moving of the TJ Byrnes Honour Board.</p><br>
<p>Although now too small for entire gatherings of the school, the Great Hall remains a central symbol of it. The original classrooms are predominantly used as staff rooms.</p><br>
<h3>School House</h3><br>
<p>The School House is a three storeyed brick building designed by architect Richard Gailey, and erected in 1887 to provide on site accommodation for boarders as well as a Headmaster&#39;s residence.</p><br>
<p>Prior to the erection of the School House, boarders at the School were housed off the school grounds, in the residences of masters and later nearby the residence of Headmaster Roe. In about 1883 plans for a boarding house were prepared by the architect of the Main Building, James Cowlishaw. Cowlishaw&#39;s proposal was not proceeded with, however, as the estimated cost of £8,500 exceeded the budget by some £2,500. Cowlishaw did however recommend to the Trustees that his former Clerk of Works, Richard Gailey be approached.</p><br>
<p>Gaileys plans forwarded to the School in September 1885 provided for a three storeyed red-and-white brick building. The headmasters residence occupied the main floor; with service and dining areas in the lower floor and the boys housed on the top floor which was divided into numerous cubicles. Gaileys planning of the entries to the School House was strategic. Access by the boys to the building was via a bridge to the headmasters residence on the main floor from where the staircase lead to the floors above and below, giving the Headmaster complete control over the movement of his charges. Separate entry to the Headmasters residence was provided from the southern side of the building. A Treasury loan of some £8,000 was made for the erection of the School House which was opened in January 1887, the contractor being H Holmes (£6,950).</p><br>
<p>In 1909, architect and father of two Brisbane Grammar School boys, GD Payne was commissioned to design alterations and additions to the School House. This was to be the first of Paynes works for the school. Later he was to design the Science Wing added to the Main Building and the New Building. His work to the School House included a single-storeyed timber-framed building for servants accommodation and ancillary facilities; on the lower story a larger dining room where the matron, laundry and common room were previously located; conversion of the former dining room to boys prep room and former servants quarters into additional study area, and the addition of single storeyed timber framed verandah to the northern end of the building housing a store, larder, and dairy. Alterations to the main and top floor, consisting of conversion of part of the headmasters residence into boys dormitory accommodation, and on the upper floor rearrangement of partitions and upgrading of showers and lavatories, may also have been carried out at this time, but were certainly completed by 1925.</p><br>
<p>During the 1930s the School House was repainted and improvements carried out. In the 1950s the slate roof was replaced by tiles. In 1962, a separate house was erected for the Headmaster and the headmaster moved from the School House. In 1972, the three-storeyed reinforced-concrete dormitory wing, erected on the northern end of the School House by architect Colin Trapp, was opened.</p><br>
<h3>Administration Building</h3><br>
<p>The Administration Building is a two storeyed brick building adjoining the eastern classroom wing of the Main Building, which was erected as a science block in 1912 the design of architect GD Payne.</p><br>
<p>The Main Building erected in 1880 contained a science laboratory; however the Science Wing was intended for the "more thorough experimental teaching of science". The Science Wing was the first classroom addition carried out at the school since its opening at the Gregory Terrace site. George Payne was also to be responsible for the design of further school buildings with the erection of the New Building in 1916. In 1909 Payne, who had two boys at the school, had also designed additions and alterations to the School House.</p><br>
<p>Paynes Science Wing was a contemporary and complementary interpretation of Cowlishaws Collegiate Gothic building, in brick with light-coloured dressings, and high pointed arch coloured and leaded pane windows. It contained a large chemistry laboratory and smaller physics laboratory with timber galleries. These classrooms were impressive double-storey height spaces with exposed roof structures, and clerestory lighting and ventilation.</p><br>
<p>The cost of £6,000 was funded by the selling of endowment lands and a grant from Treasury for equipment. The Science Wing was opened on 26 July 1912 by the Governor Sir William MacGregor, a strong supporter of education and the advancement of science, and the school&#39;s Visitor.</p><br>
<p>In 1928 a bellcote designed by architect AE Brooks, an old boy, was erected by the Old Boys of the school in memory of school janitor and ringer of bells, George Rylatt.</p><br>
<p>A water fountain designed by architect TR Hall, an old boy, was erected to the south of the building in memory of Graham Murray Lumsden, who was killed during World War II. This was moved to the eastern side in 1964.</p><br>
<p>As part of the schools centenary building program, Paynes Science Wing was converted into an Administration Building by school architect Colin Trapp. The new work was opened in 1966.</p><br>
<h3>New Building</h3><br>
<p>The New Building, a two storeyed brick building designed for the Trustees of the Brisbane Grammar School by Architect GD Payne, was erected by the Public Works Department in 1916 at a cost of some £5000 on the northern side of the Main Building overlooking the oval.</p><br>
<p>The New Building (as it is still known) was erected in response to the increasing numbers of enrolments at the School. Like other Grammar Schools, the Brisbane Grammar School was largely dependent for its enrolments on boys who were in receipt of State Scholarships. In 1914, a change in the policy of the awarding of those Scholarships occurred resulting in an increasing number of recipients and hence an increasing number of enrolments at the school. In response to this increase, the Trustees requested the Government to erect extra class room accommodation and forwarded a proposal by school architect GD Payne.</p><br>
<p>Payne, who had two boys at the School, had already designed additions to the School House as well as the Science Wing added to the Main Building in 1912. His sketch plans show a two-storeyed building containing eight classrooms (including a chemistry and physics laboratory) connected by a covered way to a block of toilets. He proposed a timber building with fibro cement linings and a roof of red fibro cement slates with the cost including retaining wall to be £3480. Payne&#39;s siting of the proposed new building took advantage of the aspect offered to the north as well as visually linking the Main Building and the later Science Wing, whilst maintaining the primacy of the Main Building.</p><br>
<p>Funding for the new building was to be provided by the government and responsibility for its erection passed to the Public Works Department. Some modifications were made to Paynes plans in 1914 by the Public Works Department; however Paynes scheme was substantially retained including his selected site. Works Department drawings by Harold James Parr included a central corridor and stair and some changes to the size of rooms. Costings were prepared by the Department for both a brick (£5,500) and a timber (£4,000) building; however in September 1914 tenders were called for the erection of the brick building. The contractor for the works carried out during 1915 was John MacArthur of Toowong with joinery by Pattersons of Toowong and tiles and cement ceilings by Ladgrove.</p><br>
<p>In 1954, the repainting of the New Building was supervised by Professor Cumming, who was also responsible for the colour scheme at the Great Hall. Cumming&#39;s colour scheme was described by the school magazine as being something out of the ordinary and of an almost bewildering diversity.</p><br>
<p>With the extensions of the oval during the 1950s, the verandahs of the New Building became and remain a grandstand for spectators of school sporting events about this time. The classrooms, particularly those on the ends of the upper floor are regarded as the best in the School.</p><br>
<h3>War Memorial Library</h3><br>
<p>The Memorial Library, erected to the design of architect John Barr, an old boy, as a memorial to old boys who served in World War I, was opened on Armistice Day 1924.</p><br>
<p>On 14 August 1916, an Honour Board, which at that time recorded the names of 640 old boys who joined the Imperial Forces during the Great War, was unveiled in the Great Hall. On that day a meeting was held at which it was resolved to erect a more substantial memorial and subscriptions were opened. The War Memorial Building Committee, chaired by the Chairman of Trustees, John Laskey Woolcock was formed, and the canvassing for funds was commenced but soon deferred due to the Federal War Precautions Act which required the conservation of resources for the war effort.</p><br>
<p>Various forms of memorial were considered by the Committee. Unable to erect a chapel, due to the constraints of the Grammar School Act, the subscribers chose a useful monument, a library. In 1919, on the recommendation of a subcommittee consisting of Edward Robert Crouch, Thomas Ramsay Hall, and Henry Wallace Atkinson, it was decided that a building of "approved Gothic design" be erected in the school grounds to be used as a war record room and library. The site chosen by the subcommittee was on the south side of the drive facing College Road; however this was changed in October 1920 to the existing site so as to save costs on the foundations. At this time a number of architects, who were either old boys of the school or subscribers to the fund were approached for designs. Their brief required a building of Gothic 13th/14th century design with two lancet windows in each face with medallion or three lancet windows in each face with the windows to start from 7 to 8 feet above floor level. Architect GHM Addison was enlisted to consider five of the eight schemes submitted. Addison recommended the scheme submitted by John Barr be awarded first prize, with an entry by Ronald Martin Wilson awarded second prize.</p><br>
<p>Barr was in practice in New South Wales. He designed the old Fisher Library (now the Nicholson Museum) and later was to win another memorial competition, this time at the Melbourne Grammar School. As Barr was resident in Sydney, he arranged for another old boy and former pupil of Addison, architect AE Brooks, to supervise the construction of the building.</p><br>
<p>Tenders for the erection of the building were first called in February 1923; however no tender was accepted and tenders were recalled with some modifications of the original plan in April. The tender of Peter Frew of £4385 was accepted which provided for the substitution of concrete for freestone in parapets, iron for copper dormers, and solid walls in place of hollow.</p><br>
<p>On Anzac Day 1923, the foundation stone was laid by the School Visitor and State Governor, Sir Matthew Nathan. Beneath the stone was buried the same bottle as was placed under the foundation stone of the original school in Roma Street in 1868.</p><br>
<p>In December 1923 the committee resolved that a uniform design for the stained glass windows be adopted with the window over the doorway to be representative of Victory (Saint George) and over the opposite door to be representative of Peace. Those windows were subscribed to by the Trustees and the Old Boys Association respectively. The other chivalric virtues chosen by the Committee to be represented in the windows were justice, magnanimity, courtesy, honour, service, fortitude, reverence, loyalty, duty, and truth. These were subscribed to by families and others in memory of sons, brothers, and friends and were designed and executed by Charles Tute.</p><br>
<p>Tute is also believed to have executed the library furniture which was probably designed by Barr. It included four bookcases to stand at right angles to piers, six benches and tables, six chairs, and the Crystal Cabinet, which housed the Golden Book, comprising four volumes bound in brown Moroccan leather by the Government Printer. The Book records, on pages framed with red Flanders poppies drawn by one of the daughters of Headmaster Roe, Madge Roe, the names of 1,020 Brisbane Grammar School volunteers as written by the President of the Old Boys Association, CB Fox. An octagonal display case was also made by long-time master, Alfred John Mason.</p><br>
<p>The memorial was intended to house a great reference library and books were donated in memory of the fallen. Other books donated included signed volumes written by old boys. Signed photographs of wartime political and military leaders from various parts of the Empire were also sought and placed around the walls.</p><br>
<p>Many of the original contents of the Library are still in the possession of the school or have been reacquired. The War Memorial Library is now maintained by the school as a memorial and museum.</p><br>
<h3>Old Correspondence School</h3><br>
<p>The Old Correspondence School is a two storeyed red brick building erected in 1899 by the Works Department for the Department of Agriculture for use as a Stock Institute, and was acquired by the Brisbane Grammar School from the Queensland Government in 1992.</p><br>
<p>The Stock Institute was established as part of the Stock Branch of the Colonial Secretary&#39;s Department in 1893 to research the nature and origin of stock diseases and to develop preventative measures against these. It was the first Stock Institute in Australia. The first premises of the Institute were in Turbot Street, Brisbane. The first Director, microbiologist, Charles Joseph Pound was known for his work on various animal and human diseases, most particularly for his work on tick fever. In 1897 the Stock Branch was transferred to the Department of Agriculture where Pound renewed his complaints regarding the unsuitability of the Turbot Street building.</p><br>
<p>By the following year, plans for new premises had been completed by the Public Works Department. The new building erected on College Road by contractor William Herd for £1,800, contained on the ground floor, laboratories and a photographic room and on the second floor, a museum, and a lecture and specimen room. An animal yard containing sheds and stalls was erected at the rear. To the front, timber steps were constructed leading down to College Road.</p><br>
<p>The new site provided the Stock Institute with a prominent position overlooking the city with ready access to transport, both rail and road. The site adjoined the Brisbane Grammar School and had been intended to form part of the 1878 grant to the Trustees of the Brisbane Grammar School. In 1877, it was excised from the proposed grant and exchanged for land more suitable for use as a sports ground.</p><br>
<p>In 1901 the Stock Institute was transferred to the Home Secretarys Department. In that year a timber post mortem room and more stables and sheds were built in the grounds. Now known as the Bacteriological Institute, with Charles Pound as the Government Bacteriologist, its work included research into human diseases, the examination of water samples, and the preparation of pathological samples. During the plague epidemics of the first decade of the 20th century plague work was undertaken, and complaints were received from the adjoining Grammar School regarding the hazards of keeping rats on premises so close to the schools boarding house.</p><br>
<p>In 1907, the Bacteriological Institute was returned to the newly renamed Department of Agriculture and Stock although work was still done for the Health Department. Sydney Dodd was appointed Principal Veterinary Surgeon and Bacteriologist. Under pressure from the Queensland branch of the British Medical Association the Institute was again transferred to the Health Department in 1909 where it became the Laboratory of Pathology and Microbiology under the directorship of Dr John D Harris. Work continued on research into human diseases, including during World War I, work on the epidemics of meningitis in army camps. All stock related work was undertaken at the newly established Stock Experiment Station at Yeerongpilly. In 1918 the Laboratory relocated to the Old Police Court at South Brisbane. In that year the Queensland Hookworm Campaign was established and soon after the Normanby building became the central office of the campaign under director Dr WA Sawyer.</p><br>
<p>In 1925 the building was converted for use by the Irrigation and Water Supply Commission. A three-storeyed wing designed by the Public Works Department was added at the rear of the building by day labour at a cost of £4,500. The addition included in the basement, a printing room and strong rooms.</p><br>
<p>In 1932, the building was converted for the used of the Primary Correspondence School. The school commenced on 1 February 1922 to provide primary school education for children in remote areas. The school was initially based at the Central Technical College with an enrolment of 37 pupils, but in September of that year moved to the former Trades Hall. During World War II, when wartime conditions made it impossible for many children to attend school, enrolments in the Primary Correspondence School rose to a peak of 11,000 with a staff of 150. After the war, the PCS also assisted in establishing rehabilitation schemes for returned service people. With closer settlement, improved transport and provision of more schools, enrolments of the school once known as the biggest in the southern hemisphere, began to decline.</p><br>
<p>The Primary Correspondence School vacated the building in 1979 but remained in use by the Education Department until 1992, when it was acquired by Brisbane Grammar School and renamed the S.W. Griffith Building.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Brisbane Grammar School is sited on the crest of a ridge that overlooks Albert Park and Roma Street Railway yards to the south, and Victoria Park and Kelvin Grove to the north; the site is bounded by College Road, Gregory Terrace, and the North Coast railway line, and has its main entrance from Gregory Terrace.</p><br>
<p>The siting and architectural character of buildings at Boys Grammar School reinforce a hierarchy of buildings of primary and secondary importance. The "primary" buildings include the Main Building (1879), the Administration Building (1912) and War Memorial Library (1923), which form a collection of brick Collegiate Gothic buildings with pale masonry dressings and pitched rooves at the centre of the school. They are sited on highest point of the school grounds, a finger-shaped plateau which runs westwards from Gregory Terrace. The central buildings are encircled by "secondary" buildings which are classrooms and boarder accommodation to the north and the east, sited on the sides of slopes which fall way from the central plateau. These include brick, pitched roof buildings which are complementary in character to the central buildings: the School House (1887), the New Building (1916) and the more recently acquired Correspondence School (1899). The Sports Grounds extend towards the north west at a lower terraced level which has been cut out of the side of the hill. The south of the school is screened from the road with a vegetated embankment. The recent entrance driveway from Gregory Terrace and the symmetrical grouping of new buildings around the axis of the War Memorial Library contrasts with the picturesque grouping of the buildings as seen from the earlier entrance driveway.</p><br>
<p>The grounds contain a number of memorial objects; the "German" field gun to the south of the Main Building, an octagonal sandstone memorial drinking fountain to the east of the Administration Building, and several plaques to the buildings&#39; exteriors. The grounds also contain a double-storeyed brick and corrugated iron roofed toilet block, sited on an escarpment to the northwest of the Main Building. It has rendered concrete lintels, unglazed high-set openings and a rendered masonry portico.</p><br>
<p>Vegetation features within the grounds include: remains of an avenue of Moreton Bay figs which once led from the school gates to the main buildings (planted 1879); a row of palms which supplanted some of the figs (planted 1918); three "royal trees" (two planted in 1881 and one in 1968); four pines, seeds of which came from the Lone Pine at Gallipoli on the bank near the "German" field gun (planted in 1978), several figs to the south west entrance to the oval (1941), and a number of trees planted or donated by eminent people associated with the school.</p><br>
<p>A pair of steel gates hinged from brick posts are located on the south eastern boundary of the school; these gates mark an entry that is no longer in use. A porphyry square-necked rubble wall runs along part of the southern boundary.</p><br>
<p>The Brisbane Grammar School forms an unusually intact collection of buildings, notable for the coherent architectural character and siting logic that has been developed and largely maintained over the years.</p><br>
<h3>Main Building</h3><br>
<p>Sited centrally on the school&#39;s highest plateau, with its principal frontage to College Road, the Main Building is a double-storeyed brick Gothic building with rendered masonry and cement dressings and a slate tiled pitched roof. It is a symmetrical building consisting of central Great Hall rising above and flanked by two classroom wings. The wings have a cruciform plan, and their long axes run east-west; the Great Hall runs north-south and has an Oamaru stone porch to its south. The building has been extended to the north with a Science Wing (1912) to the eastern end and new classrooms (1963) to the western end.</p><br>
<p>The roof is a series of intersecting pitches which run concurrent with the long axes of the rooms below, and is decorated with a band of fish-tailed slates.</p><br>
<p>The southern frontage to College Road has three double-storeyed projecting bays with parapeted gables and corner buttresses to the Great Hall and end classrooms. The eastern and western frontages have single, central double-storeyed projecting bays, also with corner buttresses and parapeted gables.</p><br>
<p>To the north, only the projecting bay of the Great Hall remains visible.</p><br>
<p>To the south, the projecting bays are spaced with an arcaded awning to the ground floor with a sheet metal roof, rendered masonry spandrels and paired cast iron columns with Collegiate Gothic capitals. The Oamaru stone porch, a single-storeyed aedicule, has arched entry ways to the east and west, surmounted by pediments and flanked by paired half columns, and two arched openings to the south. The columns capitals are richly carved with oak, holly and shamrock leaf motifs. The cornice, pediment and balustrade feature quatrefoil motifs.</p><br>
<p>The northern frontage has timber verandahs giving access to first level classrooms, with squared sheeted spandrel panels, and supported on paired columns with foliate capitals. The verandahs have battened balustrades, raked timber ceilings to the upper level and ripple iron ceilings to ground level. Part of the verandah to the east has been closed in with fibre cement sheeting.</p><br>
<p>The projecting bays to the south, east and west have pairs of pointed arch tracery windows with single rosettes above, with a single larger tracery window to the northern and southern end of the Great Hall. Rectangular windows with pointed arch motifs run between the projecting bays, and the rooms are accessed via timber double doors. Rendered masonry dressings include toothed window surrounds, hood mouldings, cornices with dentils, and copings.</p><br>
<p>The upper level classrooms at the ends of the east and west wings feature timber arched braced trusses springing from semi-circular impost blocks, diagonally boarded timber ceilings with exposed rafters, and timber cornices with quatrefoil motifs. The four classrooms either side of the Great hall on the upper floor and several on the ground floor have sheeted ceilings with dark timber coverstrips.</p><br>
<p>The Great Hall is spanned by similar but more elaborately decorated arched timber trusses to those found in the classrooms, also landing on semi-circular impost blocks. It has a diagonally boarded timber ceiling with exposed rafters and purlins, finished with a timber cornice with pierced motifs. The interior features two large stained glass windows, one at each end of the hall, and one to each side amongst a run of lancet windows. The entrances to the south, east and west have pointed arch cedar double doors. The doors and windows have mouldings, and a stepped dado moulding decorates the north and south walls. The Great Hall contains a number of memorial plaques, and WWI and WWII honour rolls.</p><br>
<p>This impressive primary building of the Grammar School group remains substantially intact in form and detail, retaining its well-crafted features, in particular the upper level classroom and Great Hall interiors, and the Oamaru stone porch.</p><br>
<h3>School House</h3><br>
<p>The School House is a three-storeyed, Gothic-influenced painted brick building, sited on a slope to the west of the Main Building. It has a red terracotta tiled roof, consisting of a central, low pitched hipped portion and more steeply pitched edges intersected by gables. A 1972 boarding house directly adjoins the School House to the north. The building has a rectangular plan, and is entered from the west on the ground floor, and the north, south and east on the first floor. A small loggia connects to the eastern entrance. To the ground and first floors, rooms are accessed from cruciform corridors with stairs to the west and the south. The intersection of the corridors are decorated with rendered masonry arches, and many of the ceilings are timber-boarded. The first floor bay windows are framed internally by a flat arch.</p><br>
<p>The upper floor is an impressive space with exposed timber trusses which span the width of the building. The gable ends of the exterior are expressed internally in the timber-lined ceiling.</p><br>
<p>The exterior has two differing expressions, the eastern and western elevations having an "institutional" appearance in comparison to the more domestically-scaled southern facade designed as the entrance (previously the headmaster&#39;s residence). The eastern and western elevations are symmetrical compositions of gabled bays and paired windows, while the southern elevation features a -storey entry portico with a gable end on the wall above, flanked by bay windows with small tiled roofs.</p><br>
<p>The building has triangular head windows to the upper storey, arched windows to the first floor, and windows with slightly flatter arches to the ground floor. Each gable end has a rounded triangular vent at its peak. The elevations are linked horizontally with projecting brick courses running at floor and sill level. These brick courses consist of diagonally-placed brick ends under a projecting course, framing rectangular motifs.</p><br>
<p>The School House is an integral part of the Grammar School group, exhibiting fine architectural qualities in the composition and brickwork detailing of its exterior, and its impressive interior space to the upper level.</p><br>
<h3>Administration Building</h3><br>
<p>The Science Wing is a two-storeyed Collegiate Gothic building adjoining the eastern wing of the Main Building to the north. Complementing the Main Building in form, the Science Wing is made of brick with light masonry dressings, and employs a similar formal language of parapeted gabled bays with corners buttresses to the north, east and west. It has a pitched tiled roof, with a pyramidal fleche rising above the roof line.</p><br>
<p>The western and eastern elevations consist of single gable ends, with two large pointed arch windows surmounted by three small lancets. The western elevation has a memorial bell-cote, set in a rendered masonry surround with bell suspended above a more recent clock. The northern elevation has a projecting gabled bay with two large pointed arched windows with a rosette above. It is flanked by two single-storeyed gabled bays with rectangular windows.</p><br>
<p>The refurbishment of the building included most of the windows. Leaded glass windows were replaced with steel mullioned windows with concrete spandrel panels and new rendered masonry surrounds, while pointed arched windows to the side walls were replaced with triangular head windows.</p><br>
<p>Originally consisting of three double-storeyed height rooms extending in turn to the west, north, and further out to the east, the building has been divided into two storeys. The ground floor has been partitioned for administrative offices, and the first floor now serves as a meeting area.</p><br>
<p>The fine and impressive timber roof structures of the three major rooms remain visible on the upper floor, being composed of exposed timber blade trusses on quarter-round impost blocks. The ceilings have exposed rafter and purlins over timber boarding. A corner is formed by the continuation of the ceiling along the top of the wall.</p><br>
<p>Despite substantial internal alterations and the replacement of windows, the building remains a fine addition to the Main Building, retaining major elements of its skilfully-designed interior and exterior.</p><br>
<h3>New Building</h3><br>
<p>The New Building is a two-storeyed brick building with timber verandahs, rendered concrete lintels and a fibro-cement tiled gambrel roof. It has a rectangular plan, with its long axis running east-west, and is sited immediately to the north of the main building. It has been cut into an escarpment, the result being a reduction of the bulk of the building in relation to the Main Building. It has one storey above ground level to the south, and two storeys above ground level to the north, with unobstructed views over the sports field, Victoria Park and Kelvin Grove. The escarpment has been retained with a brick batter wall.</p><br>
<p>The building is entered from the south via a timber bridge which runs across the batter wall at first floor level. This entrance is marked with a gable end with vertical timber battens, centred tulip motif, and curved valances. The same gable end is featured to the north.</p><br>
<p>The four classrooms to each level are accessed via north and south verandahs, and vertically linked with internal terrazzo stairs. To the south, the verandahs have vertically battened timber balustrades, and timber lattice panels to the lower level. To the north, the timber balustrades have been replaced with chainwire and steel pipe, and the lattice replaced with sheeted timber panels. The timber posts to the gabled ends, and to the east and western ends of the verandahs are paired, and decorated with timber panels with tulip motifs.</p><br>
<p>The verandah ceilings to the upper level are raked, with timber boarding with exposed eaves rafters; the western and eastern ends of the ceilings are finished with triangular panels with vertical battens. The verandahs have ripple iron ceilings to the ground floor.</p><br>
<p>The classrooms are lined and rendered internally, and have sheeted ceilings. All the classrooms are accessed from both sides via timber double doors. The rooms have two types of grided timber windows; paired sliding sash windows, and high-set grided timber windows with an inward tilting panel.</p><br>
<p>Despite alterations to the northern elevation, the building remains an intact example of skilful design with modest decoration achieved within the budgetary constraints of the classroom block type.</p><br>
<h3>War Memorial Library</h3><br>
<p>The War Memorial Library is located immediately to the east of the Main Building, and terminates a vista to the west from Gregory Terrace which is framed by two 1960s buildings. It is a free-standing octagonal Gothic building with stained glass windows, and is made of red brick in English bond with sandstone dressings. It has a steeply pitched slate-tiled octagonal roof covering a single-storeyed space of tall proportions.</p><br>
<p>The building has stepped buttresses at the corners of the octagon, while the faces of the octagon have paired lancet windows alternating with single lancets which have dormers above. The entrances to the building are on the north and south faces through pointed arch timber double doors with carved inscriptions on either side. The sandstone door surrounds feature a gable carved with trefoil motifs above a hood mould. The sandstone battlement also features trefoil motifs, and is punctuated with curved gables surmounting the buttresses. Other sandstone dressings include hood mouldings and toothed surrounds to windows, thin pilasters crowned with small spires which link the dormers to the windows below, and two courses of rough hewn stone at the base.</p><br>
<p>The interior has an elaborate exposed roof structure consisting of small arched trusses springing from sandstone impost blocks, which are centred on brick piers at the corners of the octagons. The trusses meet at a midpoint below the roof pinnacle; the remainder of the roof is supported with struts springing from a central half-post. It has a timber boarded ceiling with exposed rafters, and the dormers are expressed in the ceiling.</p><br>
<p>The room has twelve high-set stained glass windows with sandstone voussoirs encircling the room, as well as four stained glass windows to the dormers. Of the twelve windows, ten feature figures personifying chivalrous virtues; the window over the north door features the figure of peace, while south windows features that of victory. The building contains a number of commemorative plaques, and dark timber furniture with Gothic detailing. The latter consists of the "Crystal Cabinet", the "Octagonal Cabinet", a tall glass-fronted cabinet, a smaller glass-fronted cabinet, and a bench.</p><br>
<p>The Memorial Library is a very fine building in concept, composition and detailing. Its substantial and rich symbolic content makes it an unusual feature of a school building group.</p><br>
<h3>Old Correspondence School</h3><br>
<p>The Old Correspondence School is located to the west of the School House, on a lower terraced level which falls gently to the west. It is a double-storeyed banded red-brick building with a red corrugated iron hipped roof, fronting onto and rising above College Road. The building consists of two wings; an 1899 wing which runs north-south, with its address to College Road, and an adjoining 1923 wing running east-west, which has a semi-basement to the west.</p><br>
<p>The southern elevation has a fine brick and sandstone entrance portico. The northern elevation has a projecting bay with its own pyramid roof, containing toilets, which is linked to the building with an enclosed timber verandah clad in weatherboard. The western elevation has a single-storeyed weatherboard-clad enclosed verandah, while the eastern elevation has a double-storeyed enclosed verandah. The eastern elevation has been extended with a single storeyed weatherboard annex.</p><br>
<p>The brickwork is banded with sandstone courses to the 1899 section, and beige brick courses to the later addition. These courses run above and below the windows, and a deep band of blue-grey brick runs around the base of the entire building. The windows to the upper level have flat arches with splayed brick voussoirs (excepting to the toilet bay). The ground floor windows have square heads with sandstone lintels and keystones to the 1899 section, and splayed brick lintels to the newer section. All openings to the west are protected with corrugated iron sunshades on timber brackets.</p><br>
<p>The entry portico to the south has rusticated brick pilasters flanking a sandstone arch with toothed voussoirs, set in a brick gable end surmounted by a sandstone cornice with dentils. The timber double entrance doors are surmounted by a similar sandstone arch around a glazed fanlight.</p><br>
<p>The interior features two timber staircases, which have timber balustrades with turned newels with rounded terminals. The windows are sliding sash with grided panes to the upper leaves, excluding those to the verandahs and toilet bay. The verandahs are accessed with timber double doors with fanlights.</p><br>
<p>The 1899 section has ripple iron ceilings, while the 1925 section has sheeted ceilings with coverstrips. The southern rooms have views to the city, Petrie Terrace and Paddington.</p><br>
<p>The 1898 building exhibits some fine detailing, and the later addition is successfully complementary in form, character and materials.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Brisbane Grammar School was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 August 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The Brisbane Grammar School Buildings are important in demonstrating the pattern of Queensland&#39;s history, in particular the history of education and the development of the Grammar Schools evidence of the development of a self-conscious pedagogical culture within the Brisbane Grammar School.</p><br>
<p>The Main Building of the Brisbane Grammar School is important in demonstrating the pattern of Queensland&#39;s development, in particular, the development of the grammar schools and provides evidence of the development of a self-conscious pedagogical culture within the Brisbane Grammar School.</p><br>
<p>The School House of the Brisbane Grammar School is important in demonstrating the evolution and pattern of Queensland&#39;s history, in particular, the building registers the changing attitudes in boarding practices.</p><br>
<p>The Brisbane Grammar School Administration Building is important in demonstrating the evolution and pattern of Queensland&#39;s history, in particular the evolution of the study of science in the school curriculum.</p><br>
<p>The New Building of the Brisbane Grammar School is important in demonstrating the evolution and pattern of Queensland&#39;s history, in particular changes in educational policy in the state and the role of Grammar Schools in the secondary school system.</p><br>
<p>The War Memorial Library is important in demonstrating the evolution and pattern of Queensland&#39;s history, in particular the participation by former students and staff, in World War I, and in common with many other communities, the need to memorialise that participation and loss.</p><br>
<p>The Old Correspondence School is important in demonstrating the evolution and pattern of Queensland&#39;s history in particular the importance of primary industries and the role played by government via the Stock Institute in its development, the development of the role of the Health Department in public health with the establishment of the Bacteriological Institute and the Laboratory of Pathology and Microbiology and the development of distance education.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&apos;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>The Main Building, School House, Administration Building, New Building, and War Memorial Library are a rare example of a group of buildings where a clear aesthetic coherence has been sustained.</p><br>
<p>The Main Building of the Brisbane Grammar School is important in demonstrating rare aspects of Queensland&#39;s cultural heritage, containing early examples of Australian designed stained glass.</p><br>
<p>The War Memorial Library demonstrates rare aspects of Queensland&#39;s cultural heritage, in particular its substantial and rich symbolic content make it an unusual and distinctive part of a school building group.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The Main Building of the Brisbane Grammar School is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a Collegiate Gothic educational building.</p><br>
<p>The School House of the Brisbane Grammar School is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a school boarding house.</p><br>
<p>The Old Correspondence School is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a building of the Public Works Department, who at this time set high standards for public architecture.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The Brisbane Grammar School is important in exhibiting a range of aesthetic characteristics valued by the community, in particular its quality as a group of buildings, comprising the Main Building, School House, Administration Building, New Building, and War Memorial Library, which complement each other in character, materials, and siting. The Brisbane Grammar School is significant for the fineness and symbolic content of some of its crafted elements and its contribution to the townscape as a landmark.</p><br>
<p>The Main Building of the Brisbane Grammar School is important in exhibiting a range of aesthetic characteristics valued by the community, in particular, the impressive exterior which reinforces the buildings as the focus of the Grammar School Group, the exceptional quality of the upper-level classroom interiors, the Great Hall and the Oamaru Stone porch and the well crafted quality and symbolic content of the memorials and stained glass windows in the Great Hall.</p><br>
<p>The School House of the Brisbane Grammar School is important in exhibiting a range of aesthetic characteristics valued by the community, in particular, the accomplished design of the exterior in its delineation of the building&#39;s domestic and institutional roles, in its brickwork detailing, and the impressive quality of the interior of the upper level.</p><br>
<p>The Brisbane Grammar School Administration Building is important in exhibiting aesthetic characteristics valued by the community, in particular, its contribution to the Grammar School group in its skilful reworking by GD Payne of the architectural vocabulary of the Main Building. The Brisbane Grammar School Administration Building is significant as it contains the remnants of fine interiors, particularly the timber roof structures.</p><br>
<p>The New Building of the Brisbane Grammar School is important in exhibiting aesthetic characteristics valued by the community in particular, its accomplished design within the constraints of the classroom block type, its complementary siting in relation to the Main Building and its modest decorative detailing.</p><br>
<p>The War Memorial Library is important in exhibiting a range of aesthetic qualities valued by the community, in particular its architectural distinction in concept, composition and detailing, the high quality and symbolic content of the stained-glass windows, the high quality of the purpose-built furniture and its contribution to the school&#39;s distinctive skyline.</p><br>
<p>The Old Correspondence School is important in exhibiting a range of aesthetic qualities valued by the community, in particular, the fine detailing of the 1899 building, the entrance portico, the skilful design of the extension to the 1899 building in terms of its complementary form, character, materials and detailing and its landmark qualities.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>The Brisbane Grammar School is significant for its special association with the Brisbane community and the community of the Brisbane Grammar School for social and cultural reasons.</p><br>
<p>The Main Building of the Brisbane Grammar School is significant for its special association with the Brisbane Grammar School community, in particular the Great Hall is both a symbol of and memorial to the school and its members.</p><br>
<p>The School House of the Brisbane Grammar School has a strong and special association with Brisbane Grammar School community, particularly the boarders since 1887.</p><br>
<p>The War Memorial Library has a strong and special association with the Brisbane Grammar School, in particular as a memorial to the old boys who served in the Great War and also to the many subscribers and others who contributed to its erection as a symbol forming part of the nomenclature of school.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The buildings and grounds of the Brisbane Grammar School have a special association with the life and work of the Trustees, Headmasters, teachers, students, Official Visitors and many others associated with the school, many of whom have been prominent in Queensland&#39;s history. The Brisbane Grammar School also has a special association with the work of a number of architects in particular, James Cowlishaw, Richard Gailey, GD Payne, Public Works Department, John Barr, RS Dods, and TR Hall, a number of whom were old boys of the school.</p><br>
<p>The Main Building of the Brisbane Grammar School is significant for its special association with the work of architect James Cowlishaw and with the Public Works Department.</p><br>
<p>The School House of the Brisbane Grammar School has a special association with the work of architect Richard Gailey.</p><br>
<p>The Brisbane Grammar School Administration Building has a special association with the work of architect GD Payne, who was also the architect for the New Building (Brisbane Grammar Schoold) and with School Janitor George Rylatt, whose association with the school is memorialised in the building.</p><br>
<p>The New Building of the Brisbane Grammar School has a special association with the work of GD Payne, who was also the architect for the Administration Building (Brisbane Grammar Schoolc) and with the work of the Works Department, which at this time enjoyed eminence under Government Architect AB Brady, and which was responsible for numerous school buildings.</p><br>
<p>The War Memorial Library has a special association with the work of an old boy, architect John Barr and with the work of artist, Charles Tute.</p><br>
<p>The Old Correspondence School has a special association with the work of a number of government departments including the Department of Primary Industries in particular the Stock Institute, which was the first established in Australia, with the Department of Health, in particular as the Bacteriological Institute and the Laboratory of Pathology and Microbiology, with the Department of Education and the work of the Primary Correspondence School for over 40 years and with the Works Department.</p><br>
<p>The Chicago Great Western Railroad-Waterloo Freight Depot is a historic building located in Waterloo, Iowa, United States. In 1887 the Chicago, St. Paul & Kansas City Railroad  was the third system to enter the city, after the Illinois Central  and the Burlington, Cedar Rapids and Northern Railway . The CSP&KC was the first of the three to put its depots in the downtown area. Initially it built two depots in Waterloo, one on the west side of the Cedar River and one on the east side. By 1892 it had built separate passenger and freight depots along East Sixth Street. That was the same year that the CSP&KC became known as the Chicago Great Western Railroad. In 1903 the railroad built new passenger and freight depots a block south, moving them closer to the city&#39;s wholesale houses. The two-story concrete block freight depot was built on a rough limestone foundation. It features round arch freight doors and a simple wood cornice. The concrete block addition on the southeast side replaced a frame gabled structure, but its construction date is unknown.</p><br>
<p>Woodbury Town Hall is center of town government of Woodbury, Vermont. It is located on the west side of Vermont Route 14 in the town&#39;s village center. Built in 1842, it is a well-preserved example of a vernacular Greek Revival municipal building. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1995.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>Woodbury Town Hall is one of a cluster of buildings at the center of Woodbury village. Set just south of the junction of Vermont 14 and Valley Lake Road, it is set back about 50 ft from Route 14, between the fire station and the village store. These buildings are fronted by a common parking area, with a small town green separating that from the main road. The town hall is a single-story wood frame structure, with a front gable roof and clapboarded exterior. Its main facade is symmetrical, with a pair of entrance. The building corners and entrances have wide trim borders, and the gable above is fully pedimented, with a triangular fan at its center. The interior contains a single large chamber, with a stage at the far end, and a small kitchen in a rear ell.</p><br>
<p>The town of Woodbury was settled in 1781, and held its first recorded town meeting in 1806. Its early town meetings were held in a district school near the town center. This town hall was built in 1842 after the towns growing population prompted the need for a larger civic meeting space. Local residents believe that the land on which it stands only remains the towns as long as the building continues to be used for town meetings.</p><br>
<p>The Campbell Baking Company is a historic building located in Waterloo, Iowa, United States. Built in 1927, the single-story, yellow brick structure is basically a utilitarian building with Spanish Revival decorative elements on its primary and secondary façades. An addition from the early 1930s compliments the original building, while additions from 1957 and 1977 do not. The last addition incorporated an unrelated brick building into the bakery complex. The original building was designed by the Toledo, Ohio architectural firm of Mills, Rhines, Bellman & Nordhoff, and built by the John G. Miller Construction Company. The building represents the consolidation of the bakery industry in the early 20th century from neighborhood retail bakers to local wholesalers to national industrial wholesale bakery companies. The Campbell Baking Company entered the Waterloo market as a financial backer of the Peerless Baking Company, which was formed in 1917. Campbell took over Peerless in 1921 in an older bakery building. It had become outmoded and too small for their needs, so they had this building constructed. They produce Wonder Bread and Hostess Twinkies here. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2016.</p><br>
<p>St. Michael&#39;s Evangelical Lutheran Church is a historic church building in the Mount Airy neighborhood of Philadelphia, just north of the Germantown neighborhood. The congregation was founded sometime before 1728 and three successive church buildings have occupied the same location since that time. The church was closed in 2016.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Beginnings</h3><br>
<p>Though Germantown was dominated by Germans from its founding in 1683, the Lutheran denomination did not become well established there until after 1740. Different German religious denominations grew and changed once they came to America. The first settlers were German Quakers and the Mennonite church soon become important in the town. Dunkards, Moravians, the German Reformed Church and other groups joined the religious mix.</p><br>
<p>The Lutheran and Reformed churches had the largest membership in Germantown in the last half of the eighteenth century, with the Lutherans becoming the largest by the end of the century. St. Michael&#39;s and other churches were affected by the lack of ordained ministers, who often rode circuits to serve many churches. It was not until 1790 that a pastor was able to settle his family in Germantown.</p><br>
<p>The first historical record of the St. Michael&#39;s congregation is in 1728 on the death of its first pastor, Anthony Jacob Henckel, who is buried in the cemetery. John Dylander, the Swedish pastor of Gloria Dei (Old Swedes) Church from 1737-1742, served many Lutheran churches, both Swedish and German, during this time, including the church in Germantown.</p><br>
<p>Several deeds and land leases were dated between 1737 and 1751 and cover 130by1,000 ft about 4 acres, from Germantown Avenue to the current Musgrave Street, bounded on the northwest by the current East Phil Ellena Street. More than half this area is still occupied by the church building or cemetery though the area from Ross St. to Musgrave St. is occupied by other buildings.</p><br>
<p>The first stone church on the site may have been built in 1730. This building was expanded in 1746 and provided with a bell tower and pipe organ in the 1750s. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1971.</p><br>
<p>Henry Melchior Muhlenberg, the patriarch of the Lutheran Church in America, was an early pastor after arriving in Pennsylvania in 1742. He was assigned to three churches: in Providence (the current Trappe), New Hanover and in Philadelphia proper. The church in Philadelphia, located on 5th Street, was confusingly also called St. Micheals. Muhlenberg, however, served many other churches, including St. Michaels in Germantown. Charles W. Schaeffer, who was later pastor of St. Michael;s Germantown, wrote in his Early History of the Lutheran Church in America that the Germantown church was the fourth church where Muhlenberg became pastor, but that "he treated (it) as an appendage of the church in Philadelphia." Kline states that the Germantown church joined the other three churches in a united congregation three or four months after the others.</p><br>
<p>In 1745 Muhlenberg assigned the Germantown and Philadelphia churches to Peter Brunnholz, an ordained minister newly arrived from Germany. After Brunnholtz died, Muhlenberg replaced him in 1757 with John Frederick Handschuh. Handschuh faced a revolt from the congregation in 1760, which ostensibly started because of bells attached to collection baskets. The congregations dissatisfaction with Handschuh and with Muhlenberg was substantial, involving issues of local versus centralized control by Muhlenberg, their places of origin within Germany, and Muhlenbergs pietistic theological training. A small part of the congregation supporting Muhlenberg formed a new church, calling their own pastor, J. Nicholas Kurtz. In 1762 they regained partial use of St. Michael&#39;s building by court order. In 1764 they called another pastor, John Ludwig Voigt, which led to a reconciliation of the congregation.</p><br>
<p>Johann Frederick Schmidt served as pastor from 1769, through the Revolutionary War, until 1786. He was an advocate of American independence and fled from the British during the Battle of Germantown in 1777, The parsonage, now known as the Michael Billmeyer House, is located near the corner of Germantown Avenue and Upsal Street, where an attack on Cliveden was directed. The parsonage was looted during the battle, and the church was occupied with the organ and pews destroyed. The large cemetery which surrounds the church includes graves of several veterans of the Revolutionary War.</p><br>
<p>In 1785 the church was officially incorporated by an Act of Assembly of Pennsylvania.</p><br>
<h3>Nineteenth century</h3><br>
<p>Germantown&#39;s residents had begun assimilating into American culture and religion during the eighteenth century as German-speakers intermarried with English-speakers and some of their children spoke mainly English. Non-Germans migrated to the village as it grew into a suburb of Philadelphia. During the nineteenth century the assimilation continued and in 1854 the suburb was annexed by Philadelphia. By 1811 the village had Anglo-American Methodist, Presbyterian, and Episcopalian churches.</p><br>
<p>Frederick David Schaeffer, who had immigrated from Germany at age sixteen in 1776, served as pastor of St. Michael&#39;s from 1790-1812.</p><br>
<p>The church&#39;s Sunday school, one of the first in the United States was begun in 1817, to teach underprivileged children on a day when they were off from work. The Sunday school program later started branches in Chestnut Hill, Nicetown, Rising Sun, and other nearby neighborhoods. A new church was built on the site in 1819 at the same time the old church was being torn down. The bells were damaged during the demolition, so a new bell tower was not constructed. The current building was dedicated in 1897.</p><br>
<p>The Rev. John C. Baker served St. Michael&#39;s in the 1820s. In 1826 he was called to a church in Harrisburg and replaced by the Rev. Benjamin Keller. Keller resigned about 1837 over disputes on the question of using English or German during church services, as well as the question of the role of women in the church. Members of the congregation formed the English Evangelical Lutheran Church in Germantown, later known as Trinity Lutheran Church, in 1836.</p><br>
<p>Services continued using only German until 1845 when S. Mosheim Schmucker, who only spoke English, became the new pastor. Members of the congregation who preferred German services formed the St. Thomas German Church.</p><br>
<p>The German Reformed church on Market Square experienced similar language conflicts and splintering, until its 1854 transformation into the Market Square Presbyterian Church.</p><br>
<p>Kellers step son, the Rev. Charles W. Schaeffer was pastor from 1849-1875. Charles W. was the grandson of Frederick David Schaeffer and the author of Early History of the Lutheran Church in America. He helped organize the Lutheran Theological Seminary at Philadelphia, near St. Michaels, and served there as Professor of Ecclesiastical History. A new parsonage was constructed in 1855. and a Sunday School building in 1866.</p><br>
<p>Schaeffer married Elizabeth Fry Ashmead Schaeffer in 1836. She worked to raise the role of women in the church and was the founder and first director of the Lutheran Home at Germantown for orphans. This institution is still in operation and was originally located two blocks north of St. Michael&#39;s.</p><br>
<p>The Gothic Revival church currently on the site was designed by Philadelphia architect T. Frank Miller and built 1896-1897. It is a contributing building to the Colonial Germantown Historic District, a National Landmark district.</p><br>
<h3>20th and 21st centuries</h3><br>
<p>By 1900 Germantown had become better integrated into the city of Philadelphia and less of a German suburb. Manufacturing plants and housing for workers grew in southern Germantown, with more than 4,000 workers employed by 82 textile firms. To the north, Chestnut Hill and Mt. Airy developed exclusive residential areas along commuter railways. In 1900 only 7.2% of Germantown&#39;s population were German immigrants or first generation German-Americans.</p><br>
<p>The St. Thomas German Church, which had separated from St. Michaels in 1845, merged back into St. Michaels in 1957</p><br>
<p>when its Pastor, Kurt E. B. Molzhan, was called to serve at St. Michael&#39;s. German service began to be held again, along with English services.</p><br>
<p>The Rev. Andrena Ingram was pastor from 2006-2016. She was the first African American woman pastor at St. Michael&#39;s. Under her guidance the church worked with local charities, reaching out to the diverse Germantown community, including the poor, the sick, and the hungry. The church promoted HIV/AIDS awareness and offered free HIV testing and prevention programs.</p><br>
<p>By 2012 the congregation had only about 35 members and the sanctuary was closed over the winter to avoid the cost of heating.</p><br>
<p>The church remained active for over 288 years until it closed on September 11, 2016. Bishop Claire Schenot Burkat of the Southeastern Pennsylvania Synod presided at the final service, assisted by the Rev. Dr. Philip D.W. Krey, a former member of the congregation and the retired president of the Lutheran Theological Seminary at Philadelphia. The Synod is now responsible for the church and cemetery.</p><br>
<h2>Pastors</h2><br>
<p>For the earliest pastors the records may be incomplete and include pastors who served multiple churches.</p><br>
<p>The Rev. Anthony Jacob Hencke, Died 1728</p><br>
<p>The Rev. John Dylander, 1737-1741</p><br>
<p>The Rev. Valentine Kraft, 1741-1742</p><br>
<p>The Rev. Henry Melchoir Muhlenberg,1743-1745</p><br>
<p>The Rev. Peter Brunnholtz, 1745-1751</p><br>
<p>The Rev. John Frederick Handschuh,1751-1753</p><br>
<p>The Rev. John C. Andraea, 1753-1754</p><br>
<p>The Rev. Mr. Funk, 1754-1757</p><br>
<p>The Rev. Ph. H. Rapp, 1757-1765</p><br>
<p>The Rev. Jacon van Buskirk, 1765-1769</p><br>
<p>The Rev. John Frederick Schmidt 1769-1786</p><br>
<p>The Rev. John Frederick Weinland, 1786-1789</p><br>
<p>The Rev. Frederick D. Schaeffer 1789-1812</p><br>
<p>The Rev. John C. Baker, 1812-1827</p><br>
<p>The Rev. Benjamin Keller, 1817-1835</p><br>
<p>The Rev. John W. Richards, 1836-1845</p><br>
<p>The Rev. S. Mosheim Schmucker, 1846-1848</p><br>
<p>The Rev. Charles W. Schaeffer,1849-1875</p><br>
<p>The Rev. Frederick A. Kaehler, 1874-1884</p><br>
<p>The Rev. John P. Deck,1884-1889</p><br>
<p>The Rev. Paul G. Klingler, 1890-1891</p><br>
<p>The Rev. S.A. Ziegenfuss, 1892-1910</p><br>
<p>The Rev. Stephen M. Paulson, 1911-1921</p><br>
<p>The Rev. W. Karl Hemsath, 1922-1952</p><br>
<p>The Rev. Leon N. Zahn, 1953-1957</p><br>
<p>The Rev. Kurt E. B. Molzhan 1957-1966</p><br>
<p>The Rev. Ulrich Martin Keemss 1966-1971</p><br>
<p>The Rev. Dr. Charles P. Sigel, 1972-1978</p><br>
<p>The Rev. Michael L. Cobbler, 1979-1982</p><br>
<p>The Rev. Janet S. Peterman, 1982 -2006</p><br>
<p>The Rev. Arvid Anderson, 1989-1990</p><br>
<p>The Rev. Harvey Davis, 1990-1992</p><br>
<p>The Rev. Violet Little ,1992-2006</p><br>
<p>The Rev. Andrena Ingram, 2007-2016</p><br>
<h2>Cemetery</h2><br>
<p>The earliest graves in the cemetery are believed to date from the early eighteenth century, but many early gravestones are in German and are illegible due to weathering and acid rain. Burials include:</p><br>
<p>Michael Billmeyer</p><br>
<p>Anthony Jacob Henckel, first pastor, d. 1728</p><br>
<p>Jacob Anthony Hinkle, who built the Mermaid Inn in Chestnut Hill in 1746</p><br>
<p>Mary Elizabeth Hinkle, d. 1742, the earliest legible gravestone</p><br>
<p>Christopher Ludwick, Baker General to the Continental Army</p><br>
<p>Hans Jurg Ruger (Rex), who moved to Germantown in 1691</p><br>
<p>Elizabeth Fry Ashmead Schaeffer</p><br>
<p>Charles W. Schaeffer, Elizabeth&#39;s husband and pastor from 1849-1875</p><br>
<p>James Witherspoon and four unknown soldiers who died in the Battle of Germantown, and</p><br>
<p>Four other veterans of the American Revolution</p><br>
<p>Seven veterans of the War of 1812</p><br>
<p>William Tourison, John Nice, Henry Nice, who were killed at the Battle of Gettysburg, and</p><br>
<p>Twenty other veterans of the USA Civil War.</p><br>
<p>The Overland Waterloo Company Building is a historic building located in Waterloo, Iowa, United States. Built in 1916 by the Corn Belt Auto Company, the four-story, brick structure housed the Northeast Iowa distributorship for Willys-Overland Motors. Designed by Waterloo architect Clinton P. Shockley, it features brick and terra cotta pilasters, terra cotta plaques with swag motif, molding, and a balconet. The first floor housed the sales offices and a service garage. The second floor was occupied by a clubroom/lounge, a display room for used cars, a battery-charging room, a workroom, stockroom, shop and employees&#39; room. The third and fourth floors were used to store automobiles to be delivered to dealers and customers. Corn Belt lost their distributorship by way of a corporate restructuring in 1921, but maintained an Overland dealership here until 1927 when they moved to a different building. The building housed other automobile related business until 1955. In that year KWWL radio and KWWL-TV moved into the main floor and other businesses occupied the other floors. Black Hawk Broadcasting Company, which owned the stations, converted the entire building for use as a broadcast facility in 1965. The building continues to function for that purpose. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2014.</p><br>
<p>The Highland Historic District is a nationally recognized historic district located in Waterloo, Iowa, United States. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984. The housing development named the Highlands was developed during this period of economic growth. John Steely, a real estate broker, and Lewis Lichty, an attorney who owned the Waterloo Canning Company, bought the property known as sandhill in 1901, and opened an office for the Highland Land Company in the Century Building in 1905. The historic district is all residential buildings. The oldest house predates the development having been built in 1900. Otherwise construction began in the center of the district in 1908 and moved outward. By 1942 all but 15 houses were built. They are all frame construction with exteriors composed of wood, stucco, brick and stone. Styles popular in the district include Colonial Revival, Tudor Revival and American Craftsman. Waterloo architect Mortimer B. Cleveland is responsible for designing at least 39 of the houses here. Chicago landscape architect Howard Evarts Weed designed the Square and boulevard plantings. This was Waterloos first suburban residential development. It became the enclave for the citys industrial and professional elite in the first half of the 20th century.</p><br>
<p>Dafnes  is a village and community in the Heraklion regional unit on the island of Crete, Greece.</p><br>
<p>It is situated 18 km southwest of Heraklion at an altitude of 320 meters on a ridge in the eastern foothills of the 2456 m Mt. Psiloritis (Mt. Ida) immediately east of Greek National Road 97. Its population is about 1200. The postal code is 70011 and the telephone access code is 302810.</p><br>
<p>Dafnes is an agricultural centre producing sultanas, grapes, wine, spirits, vegetables and olive oil. Since the 13th century it is known for its rich, sweet red "Dafnes" wines made from the Liatiko grape variety.</p><br>
<p>The central plaza is shaded by large eucalyptus trees and ringed by cafés and kafenia. The plaza is the main location of the widely known Dafnes Wine Festival, normally celebrated during the first ten days of July. Immediately north of the plaza stands the small church Agia Zoni Agios Nikolaos, built in 1685.</p><br>
<p>The Waterloo West Commercial Historic District is a nationally recognized historic district located in Waterloo, Iowa, United States. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2014. The buildings are from one to three stories in height, and for the most part are clad in brick. The earliest building dates to 1882 and the latest, as of 2014, to 2000. For the must part they utilize the Victorian, Romanesque Revival, and Italianate commercial styles. Ornamentation is minimal. The buildings are all commercial structures with the exception of the former Burlington, Cedar Rapids and Northern Railway Depot, designed by the Cedar Rapids architectural firm of Josselyn & Taylor. Several of the buildings housed automobile-related businesses that clustered along West Fifth Street beginning in the 1920s and 1930s.</p><br>
<p>The August H.J. and Justena Lange Farmstead Historic District is an agricultural historic district located northeast of La Porte City, Iowa, United States. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1997. The farmstead was developed from 1887, when the Langes took possession of the property, and 1916 when they moved into La Porte City. They had a general farming operation here that was augmented by Augusts specialized skill as a blacksmith. The farmstead was organized spatially with the domestic buildings on the west side of Spring Creek Road and the farming operation on the east side.</p><br>
<p>The contributing buildings include the Shimer-Boehringer-Lange Cottage, which is composed of three sections. The original part of the house Is the Shriner cottage that was built on this property sometime before 1887. The Langes moved in when they bought the property and raised their seven children here. The Boehringer cottage was added around 1900 after Conrad and Johanna Boehringer, Justenas parents, died. Other contributing buildings include the barn (c. 1900), blacksmith shop (c. 1900), smokehouse (1908), chicken house (1911), milk house (c. 1912), and a shed (c. 1912). The windbreak around the domestic area was planted by Lange around 1900, and is one of the contributing structures as is Spring Creek Road and the farmyard drive which are counted together. A concrete planter built by Lange in 1917 in La Porte City and relocated here in 1986 when the house was torn down is the contributing object.</p><br>
<p>Mount Hope Cemetery is a municipal cemetery located at 11th Street East and 14th Avenue North, Watertown, South Dakota. Influenced by the 19th century rural cemetery movement, the 40-acres of land that would become the cemetery was purchased by the city from the Winona and St. Peter Railroad for $120. The earliest recorded burial was in 1881. As of April 2017, there have been about 12,300 interments at Mount Hope.</p><br>
<h2>Mausoleum</h2><br>
<p>The central mausoleum at Mount Hope Cemetery was built in 1911 and was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1986. The mausoleum has 100 crypts. It is considered full, and casket burials are no longer performed. Around 2011, a receiving room was converted into a columbarium, with cinerary urns displayed behind glass for public viewing.</p><br>
<h2>Notable interments</h2><br>
<p>Warren Green (1869-1945), 13th Governor of South Dakota</p><br>
<p>Fred H. Hildebrandt (1874-1956), former USA Representative from South Dakota</p><br>
<p>Jake Krull (1938-2016), South Dakota state senator and National Guard General</p><br>
<p>Arthur C. Mellette (1842-1896) first Governor of South Dakota</p><br>
<p>Henry R. Pease (1835-1907), former USA Senator</p><br>
<p>Burke and Wills Dig Tree is a heritage-listed blazed tree at Nappa Merrie Station, Durham, Shire of Bulloo, Queensland, Australia. It was blazed on 21 April 1861. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 28 February 2003.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Burke and Wills Dig Tree on the banks of Coopers Creek is associated with explorers Robert OHara Burke and William John Wills. The tree was blazed on 21 April 1861 by William Brahe and party who had remained at Coopers Creek while Burke, Wills, Charles Gray and John King forged ahead to the northern coast of Australia. Brahes party was finally forced to abandon the depot and trek homewards, leaving a message pointing to a cache of hidden stores.</p><br>
<p>Burke was born in 1821 in County Galway, Ireland, of Protestant gentry. Following an education at the Woolwich Academy, the young Burke served as a lieutenant in the Austrian cavalry and later the Irish Mounted Constabulary, before immigrating to Australia in 1853. After several postings with the Victorian Police, Burke was appointed to lead the Victorian Exploring Expedition, a position he had anxiously and diligently pursued.</p><br>
<p>Wills was born in Devon, England, in 1834. He trained in medicine and migrated to Australia in 1853 and after a short stint working as a shepherd at Deniliquin, New South Wales, Wills assisted his father with his medical practice at Ballarat, Victoria. Wills later studied surveying and astronomy, and accompanied the expedition as astronomer, surveyor, and third-in-command, behind camel master George Landells.</p><br>
<p>The Victorian Exploring Expedition was undertaken in the spirit of previous epics such as Edward Eyres journey between Western Australia and South Australia in 1840, and Ludwig Leichhardts 1844-5 trek from the Darling Downs in Queensland to Port Essington (near Darwin). Organised by the Royal Society of Victoria and supported by the Victorian Government, the expeditions objectives were hazy, beyond the desire to make the already-prosperous colony mightier by taking the lead in exploration efforts. The expedition would prove extremely expensive both financially and in lives, yet was ultimately successful in its bid to beat South Australias John McDouall Stuart to the first north-south crossing of the continent.</p><br>
<p>A large Melbourne crowd farewelled the explorers on 20 August 1860. The party comprised fifteen men, twenty-six Indian camels with their drivers, packhorses, wagons, food and supplies. In early October the party reached Menindee on the Darling River. Burke had already begun to shed baggage, determined to travel light and fast, leaving behind much of the equipment and some provisions at Balranald.</p><br>
<p>Burke left more provisions at Menindee. He also quarrelled with Landells, who subsequently resigned. Burke promoted Wills to second-in-charge and engaged local man William Wright as third officer. Despite having received clear instructions that he was to establish his main base camp at Coopers Creek, Burke pressed on quickly with an advance party of eight, leaving the remainder of the men and stores under the unreliable charge of Wright. Wright lingered at Menindee for three months, contrary to Burkes orders to proceed to Coopers Creek as soon as possible. Wright failed to arrive at Coopers Creek with the all-too-important reserve provisions and transport before Burke returned from the Gulf of Carpentaria.</p><br>
<p>On 6 December 1860 Burke and his seven men established Camp LXV (65) at Coopers Creek, having halted at several other spots along the Creek during the preceding three-and-a-half weeks while searching for the best location for a longer-term depot. Here Burke split his party once again, and on 16 December pressed on to the Gulf accompanied only by Wills, King and Gray. Brahe, Thomas McDonough, William Patten and Dost Mahomet were instructed by Burke to wait for at least three months (the more cautious Wills preferred four months), before retracing their steps homewards via the Darling River. During their stay at Camp LXV, Brahes party erected a timber stockade to protect themselves and their supplies from the unwanted interest of local Aborigines.</p><br>
<p>Four months later on the morning of 21 April 1861, William Brahe and his party of three others including the seriously-injured Patten, left for Menindee. Before embarking on this four-hundred-mile return journey, Brahe carved three separate messages into a Coolibah tree on the banks of Coopers Creek. The inscriptions marked the location of the cached stores, the camp number, and the dates of the arrival of the advance party (6 December 1860) and Brahes departure.</p><br>
<p>Brahe noted in his journal that the party left the depot at 10 o&#39;clock a.m., leaving 50 lbs. of flour, 50 lbs. of oatmeal, 50 lbs. of sugar, and 30 lbs. of rice buried near the stockade, at the foot of a large tree, and marked the word "Dig" on the tree.</p><br>
<p>Brahe headed towards Menindee, taking all the camels, horses and clothes, and the bulk of the remaining food stores. He later testified that he did not leave the message and stores in any real expectation of Burke&#39;s return, given that he was already well overdue. "Rather, only for any party that should come up - that was most likely to come up from the Darling - to know what had become of us. I was very likely to miss any party coming up", he told the 1861-2 Royal Commission established to inquire into and report upon the deaths of Burke and Wills.</p><br>
<p>Burke&#39;s party, by now reduced to three with the death of Gray on 17 April 1861, reached Camp LXV on the evening of 21 April 1861. Only two exhausted camels survived and the men were perilously low on stores. They discovered that Brahe had departed that same day, leaving the messages carved into the Dig Tree pointing to the cache of supplies. Subsequent events would prove to be a litany of missed opportunities and failure to communicate.</p><br>
<p>A week after their departure from Camp LXV, Brahe met with Wrights party, heading north and finally en route to Coopers Creek. Brahe and Wright then returned to the camp, but having noticed no evidence of Burke&#39;s return on 21 April, left no further messages or indications and retraced their steps southwards. Brahe arrived in Melbourne late in June 1861 to report on the missing men.</p><br>
<p>On April 23 Burkes trio began the 150-mile westward journey to Blanchewater Station, near Mount Hopeless in South Australia, preferring to take this direction over the longer, but known, journey to Menindee. Twice they were forced back to Coopers Creek due to lack of water to the west. They then remained along the Creek throughout June. On 30 May 1861 Wills had returned to Camp LXV. He found no evidence of Brahes return in early May, and placed his journals and a new note in the buried cache for fear of accidents, and returned to his companions waiting further along Coopers Creek. After surviving on ground nardoo, which was slowly poisoning them due to their lack of expertise in its preparation in leaching out the toxins, Wills died alone on the banks of Coopers Creek on 27 or 28 June. He had insisted that his companions head further down the creek to seek assistance from the Aborigines. A day or two later, Burke also succumbed, having sent King on to look for help. With the assistance of Aborigines, King survived along the watercourse until found on 15 September 1861 by Alfred William Howitts search party.</p><br>
<p>When it became known that the Burke and Wills expedition had foundered, such was the prominence of the undertaking that a number of search parties were quickly organised. Howitt left from Melbourne, John McKinlay from Adelaide, Frederick Walker from Rockhampton, and William Landsborough from Brisbane.</p><br>
<p>Howitts party, which included Brahe and King, arrived at Camp LXV on 13 September 1861. The Royal Commission was told that they found the depot as Mr Brahe had left it, the plant untouched, and nothing removed of the useless things lying about, but a piece of leather. The party located Wills remains where his body had been covered by King, some miles downstream of Camp LXV. They buried Wills on 18 September 1861, and inscribed a tree. Field books, notebooks and various small articles were recovered.</p><br>
<p>Three days later and approximately seven miles away, Howitt found Burkes remains near Innamincka Waterhole (two miles north of Innamincka) in South Australia. Burke was buried wrapped in a Union Jack, under a box tree on the south-eastern bank of Coopers Creek. Howitt blazed this tree at the head of Burke&#39;s grave.</p><br>
<p>The Royal Geographical Society of Australasia, organised to promote exploration, awarded Burke a posthumous RGS Founders Medal in 1862. Wills was awarded nothing, as the Societys policy was to award only one medal to an exploration party. King received a gold watch, as did McKinlay, Landsborough and Walker for leading their various search parties.</p><br>
<p>These search parties helped open up vast areas of inland Australia for settlement, as a result of the increased knowledge of the country they brought back with them. McKinlay had travelled northwards across the Cooper, to Grays grave, and on to the Gulf of Carpentaria. Landsborough came from the north, via the Barkly Tableland to the Cooper and then Menindee, and Walker arrived to find Burkes last camp, thence returning eastwards. By the time the public funeral for Burke and Wills was held in January 1863, pastoralists were driving their sheep and cattle up the Bulloo. Within a decade or so there were established homesteads on the banks of Coopers Creek, including Nappa Merrie sheep station, taken up by John Conrick in 1873. Prospectors working their way north of Menindee found enormously rich deposits of silver, lead and zinc at Piesses Knob, later better known as Broken Hill.</p><br>
<p>While working on the survey of the border between Queensland and South Australia, surveyor Alexander Salmond passed by Cooper&#39;s Creek and made a pencil sketch of the tree.</p><br>
<p>Called in 1911 by the Sydney Mail "William Brahes Tree", an accompanying photograph showed the "DIG" inscription on the right-hand branching trunk partly overgrown with bark, obscuring the "D". Another blaze on the left-branching trunk showed some indecipherable letters and/or numerals. Surviving remnants of Brahes stockade also are visible in the photograph. In 1928 the Royal Geographical Society of South Australia referred to the tree as better known as the "Depot Tree", alluding to its function of marking a major stopping and storage place for the expedition. Frank Clunes 1937 book Dig has been credited with changing the trees popular, and still-current name, to the "Dig Tree".</p><br>
<p>This particular tree had initially received less attention because it was not immediately associated with the deaths of either man. But by the 1880s the various explorers trees marked by members of the expedition and by the various search parties had become valued by Australians as relics worthy of protection. The Dig Tree eventually came to be regarded as central to the story of the expedition, partly as a result of John Longstaffs iconic 1907 painting exhibited in the National Gallery of Victoria, The Arrival of Burke, Wills and King at the deserted Camp at Coopers Creek.</p><br>
<p>The Dig Tree has been considered of historical significance to Queensland for much of the 20th century. In 1937 the Conrick Plaque, erected by members of the family to first settle the area, was placed on a cairn near the Dig Tree. On 2 July 1964 the Queensland Government declared an area of approximately one acre surrounding the Dig Tree a reserve for memorial purposes, the land placed under the trusteeship of the Royal Historical Society of Queensland. The Stanbroke Pastoral Company currently manages the site on behalf of the Society.</p><br>
<p>The Department of Environment & Heritage erected interpretative signage in 1993. In 1996-1997 further signage was prepared by the Department of Environment, in consultation with the Royal Historical Society of Queensland, Bulloo Shire Council, and the Stanbroke Pastoral Company. Funded by Dick Smiths Australian Geographic publication, these new interpretative panels were erected. Subsequently, boardwalks were built to protect the Dig and Face Trees, and toilets were built in February 2001. The Face Tree is located on the same reserve as the Dig Tree. It portrays the face of Robert OHara Burke and the letters ROB, thought to have been carved in 1898 by John Dick.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Dig Tree is located approximately four to six kilometres southwest of Nappa Merrie homestead, on a Reserve for Memorial Purposes. The Reserve of 4470m is excised from Nappa Merrie cattle station, which comprises almost three-quarters of a million hectares of Channel Country. The homestead is close to the South Australian border, lying some 380 kilometres west of Thargomindah and forty-four kilometres east of Innamincka.</p><br>
<p>The Dig Tree is a mature Coolibah (Eucalyptus microtheca), believed to be 200 to 250 years old, common along this section of the Cooper and widespread in arid and semi-arid areas near watercourses and in seasonally-inundated areas. The tree stands high above the creek, on the southern bank of the Bulloo Bulloo waterhole.</p><br>
<p>Brahe cut three blazes into the tree in 1861. On the creek side of the trunk "B LXV" denotes Brahe and Camp 65 in Roman numerals. On the land side of the trunk "DIG 3FT NW" was the message to the returning party to find provisions buried approximately a metre to the northwest. On an upstream-side limb "DEC 6.60 APR 21.61" marks the date of establishment of the camp, and that of Brahe&#39;s departure. Much of the lettering is now obscured by overgrowing bark.</p><br>
<p>A boardwalk has been constructed around the tree to prevent the ground from being compacted as a result of visitor impact. A stone cairn is located 40ft northwest of the Dig Tree. Further to the northwest is the Conrick Plaque, a metal sign attached to a large stone. Recent signage near the Dig Tree tells the story of Burke and Wills and their ill-fated expedition.</p><br>
<p>The Face Tree (Eucalyptus microtheca), stands on the banks of the waterhole downstream (southwest) of the Dig Tree. It portrays a rendition of the face of Robert O&#39;Hara Burke and the letters ROB.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Burke and Wills Dig Tree was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 28 February 2003 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The Dig Tree is important in demonstrating the evolution of Queensland history, because the Burke and Wills expedition contributed to the opening up of the Australian inland to pastoralism. During the 1860s settlers, including the Duracks and Costellos in 1865, had pushed into the Channel Country grazing their sheep and cattle along Coopers Creek and the myriad channels and streams. Only twelve years after the deaths of Burke and Wills, the land encompassing the Dig Tree and depot area had been taken up as Nappa Merrie station.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The Burke and Wills Dig Tree and Camp 65 is important for its special association with explorers Robert O&#39;Hara Burke and William John Wills, who completed the first north-south crossing of the Australian continent and who both died during their return journey, in 1861. Their journey was remarkable not only as a feat of endurance and story of incompetence, but for the way in which it has permeated Australian historical consciousness, how it is celebrated in high art by verse and painting, and how it has contributed to the perpetuation of the Australian bush legend of struggle against the wilderness. The Dig Tree is a revered social landmark for many Australians, as evidenced by the many visitors to the site every year.</p><br>
<p>The Warner Home is a historic orphanage building at 133 High Street in the city of St. Albans, Vermont. It was built in 1902, and was one of the region&#39;s major orphanages. It was converted to conventional residential use in 1987, and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places for its social significance and fine Colonial Revival architecture in 1988.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Warner Home is located in northeastern St. Albans, at the northeast corner of High Street and Isham Avenue. It is a large three-story brick building, with a hip roof. Its west-facing front facade is dominated by a massive central portico, rising two stories to a modillioned hip roof and supported by fluted columns and pilasters. It is flanked on either side single-story porches, supported by smaller versions of similar columns. Windows are set in segmented-arch openings, with brick headers and wooden sills. The interior has retained many original finishes and features, despite modernizations in the 1950s and 1960s, and the conversion of the building to residential use in 1987.</p><br>
<p>The Warner Home was established in St. Albans in 1882 by bequest of Chauncey Warner of Cambridge, Vermont. It was originally located in a large Italianate building elsewhere in the city, which burned down in 1900. The present building was constructed at a cost of $20,000, using the last funds from Warner&#39;s bequest and money raised by subscription. The building as originally outfitted included bedrooms, classrooms, playrooms, and other public spaces. It was described at the time as one of the most prominent institutions of its type in northern New England. The building was converted into condominiums in 1987-88, retaining most of the room layout and restoring the central lobby.</p><br>
<p>Worcester Town Hall is the historic center of civic activity in Worcester, Vermont. Built in 1912 at the center of the rural communitys main village, it has served since then as home to the communitys town meetings, and for social gatherings and events. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2005.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>Worcester Town Hall is located at the center of Worcester village, at the southeast corner of Worcester Village Road (Vermont Route 12) and Calais Road. It is a 2-1/2 story wood frame structure, with a gabled roof and clapboarded exterior. It is basically vernacular in character, with modest Queen Anne detailing in its large gable returns and the turned posts supporting the front porch roof. Paired sash windows are set on the second story above the entrance, and a triangular fan is set in the gable. The interior has a front lobby, with flanking stairs to the second floor. On each floor, a hallway leads toward the rear, flanked by smaller rooms, leading to a larger meeting space. The downstairs space is smaller, the flanking rooms each housing kitchen spaces, while the upper meeting hall has a stage at the far end.</p><br>
<p>The town of Worcester was chartered in 1763, but was abandoned in 1816, the "Year Without a Summer", when many crops failed. It was resettled in 1821, its early town meetings held in a local tavern. In 1846 a combination church and town hall was built, providing space for both town meetings and the local Congregationalists. That building was destroyed by fire in 1904. The present building was completed in 1912 on the site of the previous hall. It has been home to town meetings and social gatherings since then; the town&#39;s offices, which were never located in the previous building, are located in a different building constructed in 1990.</p><br>
<p>Cameron Corner Survey Marker is a heritage-listed survey marker in the locality of Cameron Corner, Shire of Bulloo, Queensland, Australia. The survey marker is at the border corner of South-West Queensland with New South Wales and South Australia; it was established in 1880. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 9 November 2012.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Cameron Corner Survey Marker was established in September 1880 during the first official survey of the western section of the border between Queensland and New South Wales (NSW) undertaken in 1879-1881. It defines the westernmost extension of the Queensland-New South Wales border. Its marking was a surveying feat of its time.</p><br>
<p>After debate about a suitable southern boundary for the proposed new colony to the north of New South Wales (NSW), letters patent were issued by Queen Victoria in June 1859 which separated the new Colony of Queensland from NSW. The letters patent described the border between the two colonies as having three components:</p><br>
<p>the watershed from Point Danger (28°8"S) west to the Dumaresq River</p><br>
<p>a river section formed by the Dumaresq, Macintyre and Barwon Rivers to latitude 29 degrees South</p><br>
<p>along latitude 29 degrees South to the 141st meridian of East longitude, which was the eastern boundary of South Australia.</p><br>
<p>The eastern and western sections of the border required surveying but the central river section did not.</p><br>
<p>The eastern section was surveyed between 1863 and 1866. In 1863 surveyors Francis Edward Roberts from Queensland and Isaiah Rowland from New South Wales were chosen to survey the boundary line from Point Danger west to the Dumaresq River. Starting in June, two separate surveys were carried out, and although in many instances both surveyors used the same tree to mark the border, Rowland and Roberts defined the border in different positions. At the direction of the Queensland Surveyor-General, Roberts deviated from the definable position of the watershed in order to increase the accuracy of the survey. Subsequently, the New South Wales and Queensland governments essentially adopted the survey of Roberts.</p><br>
<p>Marking the river section formed by the Dumaresq, Macintyre and Barwon Rivers to 29 degrees South took place in 1865. Queensland and New South Wales arranged for the fixing of the 29th parallel of latitude, at the intersections of the Barwon, Mooni, Bokhara, Narran, Biri and Culgoa Rivers, to enable the colonial governments to adjust the rents of leases of several pastoral runs in the vicinity, some of which were partly in both colonies. In addition, about 450,000 acres of land on the Queensland border could not be leased until its position was determined. Augustus Charles Gregory, Queensland Surveyor-General and NSW District Surveyor of the Northern Rivers, William Albert Baylesford Greaves, conducted this initial survey of latitude 29S. The marking of the border was done with steel (iron) pins one inch in diameter and two feet long, driven a few inches below the surface, radial reference bearings being taken to adjacent trees.This process was repeated at each of the above named rivers, and the work was completed in five or six weeks.</p><br>
<p>That left surveying of the western section of the border at latitude 29 degrees S to be completed. Pastoral occupation of south-west Queensland began in the 1860s. In July 1862 Sir Charles Nicholson had reported to the Secretary of State for the Colonies that: "On the west, the whole of the basin of the Barcoo for several hundred miles, as far as the 142nd meridian of East longitude, is becoming rapidly occupied by squatters, and the authorised possession of the greater part of it has already, I believe, been secured under pastoral licenses...". Pastoralists began settling the Cooper and Bulloo country and the adjacent portion of South Australia in 1864 with Bulloo Downs Station being the first pastoral run in the Bulloo area. By the end of the decade the Cooper country was also settled.</p><br>
<p>During the 1870s, settlement extended west to the Diamantina, Mulligan and Georgina areas. In 1873, the pastoral districts were named - Gregory South comprised the Bulloo and lower Cooper area and the remainder became Gregory North. Initially runs in both districts were stocked with cattle and sheep. By 1885 all available land in Queenslands far south-west had been claimed. This land, comprising the floodplains of the Mulligan, Georgina, Diamantina and Bulloo Rivers and Cooper Creek, which form part of a vast inland drainage system originating in Queenslands central west and north-west and eventually reaching Lake Eyre, became known as Channel Country. During floods, the semi-arid region becomes a network of channels, watering vast grasslands suitable for cattle-fattening.</p><br>
<p>Another factor in the determination of the Queensland-NSW border was the collection of customs duties at the border and establishment of border customs offices. Inter-colonial border duties were introduced in Australia in the 1850s, after the Murray River became the boundary between New South Wales and Victoria. Their introduction demonstrated that the Australian colonies were developing in divergent and independent ways. As each new colony was declared, it established its own Customs administration, which was responsible for the collection of lucrative custom duties and the prevention of smuggling.</p><br>
<p>In mid-1862, the Queensland government assented to the provisions of the New South Wales Border Customs Act, introduced to provide for a mutual Queensland-New South Wales system of collecting customs duties payable on goods crossing their shared border. At first, the flow of goods into Queensland through the inland routes was not sufficient in either quantity or value to warrant the cost of collecting customs duty in remote areas. However, as settlement expanded, the Queensland government became concerned at the amount of revenue being lost in this way (estimated in 1870 at between £12,000 and £15,000 per annum, with approximately 340 pastoral stations, stores and public houses along the southern Queensland border being supplied primarily from New South Wales). Not only did more goods travel north than went south into New South Wales, but duty on such everyday commodities as tea and tobacco was twice as high in Queensland and a considerable amount of smuggling across the border took place.</p><br>
<p>As the western regions of the colony developed and internal trade routes were established, custom facilities were required along the borders with New South Wales and South Australia. The Customs Duties Act 1870 provided Queensland with independent legislation to regulate the collection of duties on goods imported from other colonies. A small Customs Border Patrol consisting of a police inspector, sub-inspector and four constables was appointed with powers to collect duties from 1 January 1871. They travelled along the Queensland-New South Wales border, collecting duties and keeping careful records regarding the type and value of goods and the amount of monies collected. They also recommended 11 sites where Custom offices could be established. It was soon reported that the effect of increased vigilance on the border was to deflect the importation of goods to Brisbane, reducing the amount of such trade through inland centres.</p><br>
<p>Finally in June 1879 the surveying of the remainder of the Queensland-NSW border along the 29th parallel of south latitude extending into the Channel Country was undertaken. Survey parties from both colonies met at Barringun, near the border, and William Jacomb Conder, superintendent of the trigonometrical survey NSW, undertook preliminary work to fix the latitude of the border town on the Warrego River using astronomical observations. Having determined the position for the border and the longitude of a point on it and the direction of the true meridian found, surveyors John Brewer Cameron from NSW and George Chale Watson (Commissioner for Crown Lands for the Warrego and Gregory South) representing Queensland, started to survey westerly on 15 September 1879 from a point on the east bank of the Warrego River where they had erected the Zero Obelisk. The two surveyors divided their work with Watson being responsible for chainage and Cameron for the astronomical work required to undertake this geodetic survey. After marking the first 5-mile chord and offsetting the mileposts from this chord to the arc the work continued in this manner.</p><br>
<p>Very soon the surveyors struck floods. Cameron wrote "Had great difficulty in crossing creeks with the whole camp. The Irarah, Cuttaburra and Warrego being flooded... I had to construct two boats one of planks and the other of Canvas and frame:... ferried eight tons... in one afternoon including instruments". After crossing these swollen watercourses, they encountered the usual arid conditions of the south-west. In March 1880 after reaching the 100-mile post on the Paroo River, Surveyor Watson withdrew from the survey party, having written "As I believe Mr Cameron capable of working within great precision and he is evidently a painstaking officer over his professional duties, I have no reason to doubt but that the work would be precise enough for all the purposes of scientific accuracy as Mr Cameron, added to his other qualifications, has a supreme regard for his own reputation". According to Bill Kitson, Watson had other reasons for withdrawing - he resented having to continue his duties as land commissioner while working on the border survey as it meant he was unable to fully participate and made him "the laughing stock of the NSW contingent".</p><br>
<p>This left Cameron to complete the task of surveying the 29 degree latitude of S over remote and desolate country. Cameron wrote that "At the 235-mile post we nearly lost all our horses in one night (32) owing to... being unable to find the waterhole... Having 100 gallons of water in camp I divided 50 gallons among the 32 horses with a little oatmeal which enabled them to travel to Warri Warri Creek. I was obliged to give the horses a week&#39;s spell to recruit their strength". Cameron identified the corner between Queensland, NSW and South Australia with a timber post marked with the government arrow and LAT 29. The survey of 285 miles from Barringun to the South Australian border had taken a total of 12 months and 15 days.</p><br>
<p>After reaching the South Australian border and marking the corner, Cameron returned to Barringun to survey the easterly section of about 200 miles to the Barwon River, completing the entire border survey in October 1881. Cameron reported that his line passed 68.5 links north of Gregory and Greaves steel pin in the Culgoa River and that its greatest distance from Gregorys 29th parallel was about three chains on the Macintyre River. He marked the end of the survey to the east with a one-ton post (Cameron&#39;s 1 Ton Survey Post) on the west bank of the Barwon River.</p><br>
<p>John Brewer Cameron was born in Scotland and migrated to Victoria with his family in 1853. After going to the Victorian goldfields and then New Zealand, he returned to Victoria and joined a government geodetic surveying party working in the Mount Baw Baw area. This experience led him to take up a career in surveying. He went to Fiji as a surveyor in 1869 returning to Victoria in 1872 where he specialised in surveying and geodesy. By 1879 he was a First Class Surveyor in the Trigonometrical Branch of the NSW Lands Department and a member of the Royal Geographical Society of New South Wales. He undertook the surveying of the Queensland-NSW border between 1879 and 1881. In 1883 he moved to New Guinea, acquired a plantation and later guided the Government Resident, Sir William MacGregor, on journeys of exploration. In 1896 Cameron became Government Surveyor of New Guinea. On 31 December 1897 he died suddenly from malaria while visiting Brisbane and was buried in Toowong cemetery. Afterwards, his former colleague in marking the NSW-Queensland border, George Watson, stated "and so passed away an energetic spirit worthy of classification as a man of genius. His boundary marks on the Queensland boundary will remain an imperishable monument of his skill as an astronomer."</p><br>
<p>Given the enormous difficulties Cameron faced in the task, his survey of the Queensland-NSW border was impressive. Current technology such as the Global Positioning System (or GPS) enables places to be pinpointed by longitude and latitude more accurately. It is now apparent that the intended corner between Queensland, New South Wales and South Australia at 141°E, 29°S was not achieved. The corner surveyed by Cameron was actually 140°5957.4"E 28°5956.7"S. This is the location of the original corner post at Cameron Corner, which was replaced by the current concrete pillar, unveiled by the Ministers for Lands from NSW, Queensland and South Australia on 6 June 1969. The position of Cameron Corner as per Queensland&#39;s Digital Cadastral Database (DCDB), however, does not correlate with either the concrete pillar or the intended border corner. The DCDB places Cameron Corner 20 m to the east of the concrete pillar and 112 m north-west of its intended position of 141°E, 29°S. The DCDB corner location that can be listed is that on Lot 1 AP21535. This variation in the intention and reality of the border corner shows the continued difficulties of surveying remote regions. This would be resolved by re-survey of Lot 1 on AP21535.</p><br>
<p>The Queensland Boundaries Declaratory Act 1982 confirmed "that each land boundary of the State... as... defined in the Letters Patent... by reference to a parallel of latitude or a meridian of longitude is and always has been the boundary... permanently fixed by marking it upon on the surface of the earth before 1900...".</p><br>
<p>The corner post as a survey mark is protected under the Survey and Mapping Infrastructure Act 2003 and the Survey and Mapping Infrastructure Regulation 2004 whereby a person must not interfere with a survey mark unless certain conditions are met.</p><br>
<p>Today, Cameron Corner Survey Marker is a well-known tourist destination.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Cameron Corner Survey Marker is at the southernmost of Queensland&#39;s three south-western corners and is the westernmost point of the Queensland-New South Wales border. It is located approximately 335 km south of Haddon Corner, 450 km south-east of Poeppel Corner and 1400 km from the east coast in an arid environment comprising ochre coloured dirt and sand with some native vegetation. The confluence of 141 degrees E and 29 degrees S (with no official marking) is located approximately 112 m to the south-east.</p><br>
<p>Nearby are:</p><br>
<p>Cameron Corner Store</p><br>
<p>a shelter shed with information boards on the NSW side of the border</p><br>
<p>a road and road signs on the Queensland side of the border.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Cameron Corner Survey Marker was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 9 November 2012 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>Cameron Corner Survey Marker (1880), marking the westernmost extension of the first official survey of the Queensland-New South Wales border, is important in demonstrating the priority placed on clear border demarcation by the governments of Queensland and New South Wales. Set borders were an important part of colonial economic and administrative development, providing certainty for governments and pastoralists, and enabling the collection of customs duties.</p><br>
<p>Cameron Corner is the result of early cooperation between Australian colonies and provides lasting evidence of the feat of endurance necessary to complete the Queensland-New South Wales border survey.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating a high degree of creative or technical achievement at a particular period.</p><br>
<p>Cameron Corner represents the culmination of a difficult feat of geodetic surveying and results from an early application of this branch of surveying in Queensland.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>Cameron Corner is important to the Australian community as a geographical and cultural landmark, and is a well-known tourist attraction.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>Cameron Corner has an important association with the life and career of John Brewer Cameron (1843–97) as a commemoration of one of his most notable accomplishments.</p><br>
<p>The Saltus Grocery Store is a historic mixed-use commercial and residential building at 299-301 North Winooski Street in Burlington, Vermont. Built in 1897, it is a well-preserved example of a neighborhood store of the period. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2001.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Saltus Grocery Store is located in Burlington&#39;s Old North End neighborhood, at the northern corner of North Winooski Avenue and Archibald Street. It is a two-story wood frame building, triangular in shape, with a flat roof and clapboarded exterior. The storefront entrance is set on a short facade facing Archibald Street, flanked on the left side of that facade by a display window, and also by a display window on the right side facade facing North Winooski. A polygonal bay projects on the second floor of this short facade. A residential unit entrance is located on the North Winooski facade, which extends to include a single-story ell. The upstairs has always historically had an apartment, and a second has been carved out of previously commercial space in the rear of the ground floor.</p><br>
<p>The store was built in 1897, during a period in which the Old North End was undergoing significant growth, including large numbers of immigrants drawn to the areas industries for jobs. It is fairly typical of small neighborhood groceries built in that time, but it is one of a small number that survive. The grocery was first operated by Frank Saltus, the first in a series of Jewish proprietors. The rear space, now residential, housed such businesses as a barber, jeweler, and confectioner, during that areas commercial use, which ended about 1960.</p><br>
<p>Reeves Tavern is a historic colonial tavern  at 126 Old Connecticut Path in Wayland, Massachusetts. Built in 1762-63, it is one of the town&#39;s best preserved examples of an early tavern. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2016.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>Reeves Tavern is located southeast of Wayland center, in a suburban residential area. The property includes a house and a barn, set on over 2 acre on the north side of Old Connecticut Path, between Forest Hill and Shaw Roads, with an old stone wall and hemlock hedge lining the front of the property. The house is a 2-1/2 story wood frame structure, with a gable roof, two chimneys, clapboarded exterior, and stone foundation. Its front facade is six bays wide, the entrance set in the center-left bay. The interior retains original woodwork and period fireplaces. The barn, located to the left of the house, dates to the 19th century.</p><br>
<p>The oldest portion of the house is the rightmost pair of bays. It was probably built sometime before 1720 by Matthew Hussey (or Hasey, spellings vary), with the remainder of the main block added in 1762-63 by Jacob Reeves. Reeves is documented as operating a tavern on the premises no later than 1764, and was one of the signatories to a 1780 petition to the state for the separation of Wayland from Sudbury. In 1774, Reeves hosted John Adams. The property was sold out of the Reeves family in 1906.</p><br>
<p>The West Berkshire School is a historic school building at Berkshire Center and Mineral Brook Roads in Berkshire, Vermont. Built about 1820, it is one of the state&#39;s oldest surviving two-room two-story schoolhouses. It was used as a school until 1970. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1993.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The West Berkshire School near the southeastern fringe of the crossroads village of West Berkshire, at the western corner of Berkshire Center Road (Vermont Route 118) and Mineral Brook Road. It is a basically vernacular two-story wood frame building, with a gabled roof and clapboarded exterior. A small square belltower rises from the roof ridge, with an open belfry covered by a gabled roof. The front facade is symmetrical, with a center entrance sheltered by an open gable-roofed vestibule. The vestibule is flanked by narrow windows, and there are sash windows on the second level. Fenestration on the side walls is irregular, the most significant arrangement being a bank of seven sash windows on the lower level of the east side, a likely early 20th-century alteration made to satisfy new state regulations regarding natural lighting. The interior consists of single chambers on each floor, with a staircase in a corner near the entrance. The building has been fitted with electricity, but has never had plumbing or heat other than a wood stove. An enclosed wood-frame fire escape was added to the west side in the 20th century, which also served to shelter the privy area.</p><br>
<p>The school was probably built about 1820, based on stylistic analysis of its architecture. It is extremely unusual as a two-story two-room district schoolhouse, since most of Vermont&#39;s district schools (surviving and otherwise) were single-story single-room buildings. At the time of its National Register listing in 1993, there were six known examples of such schools in the state.</p><br>
<p>The Worcester Village School is a historic school building at 17 Calais Road in Worcester, Vermont. It was built in 1892, and is a good early example of a town-wide partially graded school with restrained Queen Anne features. It served as a school until 1979, and is now owned by the local historical society. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2005.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The former Worcester Village School building stands on the south side of Calais Road, a short way east of the crossroads center of Worcester&#39;s main village. It is a 2-1/2 story wood frame building, with a front-facing gable roof and exterior finished mainly in wooden clapboards. The front facade is symmetrical, with a pair of entrances sheltered by a hip-roofed single-story porch supported by chamfered square posts. Bands of fishscale shingles separate the first and second floors, with paired sash windows on the second floor. The eastern side of the building has bands of sash windows toward the rear, providing significant natural light to the classroom spaces. The interior is virtually intact, with front vestibules leading to large classroom spaces which occupy most of each floor. The only major alteration is that portions of the vestibule have been turned into restrooms.</p><br>
<p>The school was built in 1892, and is a rare example of a two-room 19th-century school house. It is also noted for the quality of the surviving exterior Queen Anne elements. The school was built after the state abolished the district school system, and served grades 1-4 on the ground floor and 5-8 on the upper floor. The district school it replaced was moved across the street and converted into a residence. This building was used as a school until 1979, and served from 1980 to 2004 as a day care center. It is now owned by the local historical society.</p><br>
<p>The ruins of the Üçayak Byzantine Church  are found in Kırşehir Province in Central Anatolia, Turkey. The church is unique in several respects. It is built on a remote location, without any evidence of any artefacts in the surrounding area, apparently in a completely isolated place, with no signs of human habitation.</p><br>
<p>Its architectural design has been described as executed on an "exceptionally high artistic level". Other unusual features include a double or twin-church design, The style of the church is double-nave basilica.</p><br>
<p>It is located in the southern part of Kırşehir Province, near the village of Taburoğlu, which is approximately six kilometres from the Yerköy-Yozgat highway.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Byzantine name of the location of the church is unknown. Proposed names include Justinianopolis, Pteria, and Mokissos. Near the church, there is a water spring, but the absence of any human artefacts in the vicinity indicates that the church was built on a completely isolated and uninhabited area.</p><br>
<p>The remnants of the decorations of the facades, its sloping walls, and its architectural style led to its chronology being placed to late 10th or 11th centuries AD. The first report on the church was in 1842 by W. F. Ainsworth. His travel notes on the church were used by John Winter Crowfoot who visited the ruins in 1900, and were eventually published by Josef Strzygowski in 1903. The 1938 Kırşehir earthquake caused the dome arches of the church to collapse.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The construction of the church, solely using bricks as the medium, is very unusual in Byzantine architecture. The church foundation was made of stone. In 1900, John Winter Crowfoot reports a pinkish external layer covering the brick walls. In-between the walls, base material, consisting of rubble, stones and other fillers, was used. The filler material was supported by a wooden-beam structure.</p><br>
<h3>Double naves, apses and domes</h3><br>
<p>The church design is very unusual for Byzantine architecture. The church is constructed as a double-church featuring two naves adjacent to each other and separated by a wall. The naves were quadrangular and each featured a separate dome. The naves have a common narthex of an oblong shape. The twin church design at Üçayak has two naves (naoi) each with a separate semi-circular apse. Each apse includes a rectangular bay in front of it.</p><br>
<p>The double-church design is even more unusual because the two churches were constructed at the same time, as opposed to being built sequentially, which was the construction method employed more often for churches of this type. Scholars speculate that the double church was constructed either in honour of two distinct saints or martyrs, or because a Byzantine emperor and his wife built it; the latter explanation being more probable, since no crypts or other artefacts, attesting to the worship of saints or martyrs, have been found.</p><br>
<h3>Niches</h3><br>
<p>The exterior walls are decorated by arches that recess into the walls forming niches. The same technique had been used for the church of Çanlıkilisse in Cappadocia and the Church of the Dormition of the Mother of God in Nicaea (modern-day Iznik). The recessed arches and the all-brick wall construction of the Üçayak church provided an impressive architectural element to its design.</p><br>
<h3>Decorations</h3><br>
<p>In 1900, John Winter Crowfoot reports faint traces of a fresco decorating a pendentive. Even at that time, it was difficult to discern any details of the theme of the fresco other than what appeared to be a series of heads with haloes. Crowfoot also reports that there were traces of two illegible inscriptions when he visited the site in 1900. The inscription may have contained clues as to the reason for building the church at such a completely isolated area.</p><br>
<h2>Restoration</h2><br>
<p>The church is a rare example of early Byzantine period architecture in Kırşehir Province, which is considered to be located within the area occupied by ancient Cappadocia, Ahi Evran University is planning restoration and conservation of the ruins.</p><br>
<p>Babadıl Islands  are two small Mediterranean islands in Turkey. They are named after the former name of the village Sipahili in the mainland facing the islands. According to the British captain Francis Beaufort who was tasked to map the Mediterranean coasts of Turkey in 1811-12, the names of the islands were Papadoulae, in the antiquity.</p><br>
<p>The islands are about 600 m offshore in Gülnar ilçe (district) of Mersin Province at 36&deg;07&prime;N latitude, 33&deg;31&prime;E longitude. The distance from the coast to Gülnar is about 30 km and to Mersin is 140 km. They are in the eastern end of a bay and are observable from the Turkish state highway which runs mostly along the sea side. The north to south dimension of the northern island is 400 m and the north to south dimension of the southern island is 500 m. Both islands are uninhabited. But there are remains of a castle and some vaulted tombs from the Medieval Age.</p><br>
<p>The River starts near Djebel Bargou mountains and drains a watershed of about 2000 km².</p><br>
<p>The Oued Miliane has a number of tributaries including Oued el Hamma, and is the second longest course perennial river in the country after the Medjerda.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The rivers flow is irregular, up to 200 m 3 / s during floods, but it is one of the few rivers in Tunisia maintained flow during the summer, as recalled in the etymological sense of Arab, meaning Miliane "full".</p><br>
<p>It is characterized by high load alluvial estimated at 25 grams per liter, which corresponds to 1.5 million tones of sediments carried each year. This helped to fertilize the plain of Mornag (a rich agricultural region south of Tunis dedicated to market gardening and viticulture), but also to participate in the closing of the Tunis Lake and the birth of a cord of dunes on coastline between Rades and Hammam Lif. The bed of the river has moved over the last centuries.</p><br>
<p>The Bir Mcherga Dam is on the river.</p><br>
<p>The Barnet Center Historic District encompasses a small cluster of buildings and a cemetery, which make up the original town center of Barnet, Vermont. Located on Barnet Center Road, it includes the 1849 Presbyterian church, vestry, and two residences, built between 1790 and 1898, as well as the town&#39;s first cemetery and a c. 1915 toolshed. It was the first town in Vermont to be settled by direct immigration from Scotland. The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The town of Barnet was settled in the 1770s by a group of Scottish immigrants from Perth and Stirling. The first Presbyterian church was built near the towns geographic center on a rise above the Stevens River, and became the focal point for the towns civic life. That first building, started in 1787 and completed in 1800, was replaced by a brick church which burned in 1849. The present Greek Revival church was built on its site the same year. The cemetery was formally established in 1791, the same year that the Cape style house of Reverend David Goodwillie was completed. This house is the second-oldest surviving building in the town. About 1830, Rev. Thomas Goodwillie built the church parsonage, and in 1898 the church vestry was added. At the southern end of the cemetery, a small wood-frame building was added about 1915 to house tools and equipment.</p><br>
<p>The district is bounded on the south by the Stevens River and West Barnet Road, and on the west by Barnet Center Road. It extends north along the east side of Barnet Center Road to Town Highway 55, with the church roughly at its center, opposite Ferguson Road. It encompasses an area of about 22 acre.</p><br>
<p>The Shelburne Village Historic District encompasses the central portion of the main village of Shelburne, Vermont. Centered on the junction of United States Route 7 with Harbor and Falls Roads, the districts architecture traces the towns history from the 18th to early 20th century. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1990.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The town of Shelburne was chartered in 1763, and first surveyed by Ira Allen. Early settlers fled the area during the American Revolutionary War, and permanent settlement resumed in the 1780s. Benjamin Harrington, an early settler, owned and farmed the land where the village is located. He laid out the stagecoach route between Rutland and Burlington (now roughly US 7) in the 1790s, and built the Shelburne Inn. The community remained agricultural until the advent of the railroad in 1849, with its center of industry a mile to the southeast at Shelburne Falls. The villages greatest period of development was between about 1880 and 1910, when industry developed near the railroad, and the town benefited from the philanthropy of the Shelburne Museums founders, William Seward Webb and Electra Havemeyer Webb.</p><br>
<p>The historic district is centered at the junction of US 7 with Harbor Road and Falls Road. It extends north to the LaPlatte River, and south beyond Church Street. It includes properties on Church Street and Falls Road, and on Harbor Road just beyond the railroad tracks. It abuts the property of the Shelburne Museum to the southwest. It is about 74 acre in size, and includes how many historic buildings. The oldest surviving building in the district is the 1796 Shelburne Inn, and Federal style houses are scattered throughout the village. Prominent and defining features of the village are three churches, all of stone or brick construction. Most of the other buildings are wood-frame structures, one to 2-1/2 stories in height, although there are a few brick buildings.</p><br>
<p>The Stockgrowers Bank, also known as the Dixon Town Hall, was built in Dixon, Wyoming in 1916. The decorated concrete masonry building was the banks headquarters until the bank was dissolved in 1923. Following the banks demise the building served as a soda fountain into the 1940s, which was followed by a store, then the Little Snake River Veterans of Foreign Wars Post 10051 hall. In 1975 it became the town hall.</p><br>
<p>The one-story building is rectangular with an angled facade. The building uses rock face-ornamented concrete block for most of the facade and features large show windows with gridded mullion transoms. The front has a metal cornice with egg-and-dart stampings. The building rests on a concrete foundation with a basement beneath. The interior has a large main room with a smaller room in back with a toilet and the bank&#39;s vault. The interior is finished with wood floors and plaster walls.</p><br>
<p>The Stockgrowers Bank was placed on the National Register of Historic Places on June 25, 1986.</p><br>
<p>The Seventh Street Commercial Historic District is a national historic district which encompasses several blocks of Seventh Street in Rockford, Illinois. The district was the commercial center of Rockfords substantial Swedish American community. Swedish settlement in Rockford began in 1852, and Swedes accounted for a third of the citys population by the 1890s; while the first Swedish American community formed around a railroad station on Kishwaukee Street, it shifted to Seventh Street in the late 1860s and 1870s. Seventh Street was home to the communitys retail stores, community buildings, and two of its three banks. Forest City Furniture, the first major firm in Rockfords furniture industry, was also based there, as were many of its competitors. The buildings in the district exhibit many popular architectural styles of the late 19th and early 20th centuries, including Italianate, Romanesque Revival, and Commercial.</p><br>
<p>The district was added to the National Register of Historic Places on March 23, 2005.</p><br>
<p>The Hanna Community Hall, also known as Linden Hall and presently used as the Hanna Basin Museum, was built in 1890 in Hanna, Wyoming as a saloon by its proprietor John Linden to serve coal miners in the area. In 1981 he moved the saloon into the center of Hanna with the Union Pacific Coal Companys permission. When Prohibition was established it became a pool hall, operated by John Thomas After Thomas accidental death in the 1920s it became small town&#39;s community center. It was renovated in 1931 with company funding. The community hall is now the Hanna Basin Museum.</p><br>
<p>Located at the center of the town, it is a one-story frame structure covered in wood clapboards, with a hipped shingle roof. Two uneven extensions to the rear end in gables. Windows are double-hung 8-over-8 units. A small bracketed canopy with arched trim covers the main entrance.</p><br>
<p>The Hanna Community Hall was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on November 26, 1983.</p><br>
<p>The Hotel Wolf is a hotel and restaurant in Saratoga, Wyoming. The two-story brick building was built at an estimated cost of $6000 in 1893 for Frederick G. Wolf, a German immigrant who had operated liquor stores in Wyoming. It opened for dining with a banquet on New Years Eve 1893. The hotel opened on January 10, 1894. Two years after Wolfs death in 1910 his widow Christina sold the property to George W. Sisson for $10,000. It continues to operate as a hotel and restaurant.</p><br>
<p>The L-shaped brick building has a steep gabled roof with similarly pointed dormers. The front extension to the right of the main porch features a corbeled band of bricks with slight arches at the two ground floor windows.</p><br>
<p>The Hotel Wolf was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on November 21, 1974.</p><br>
<p>Bayou Boeuf Elementary School  is an elementary school in Kraemer , an unincorporated area in Lafourche Parish, Louisiana. It serves residents of the Ward 6 Area of the parish, including Bayou Boeuf and Choctaw. It is a part of Lafourche Parish Public Schools.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>It was established between 1904 and 1905. It occupied a 7 acre plot.</p><br>
<p>In 1983 J. Kelly Nix, the Louisiana Superintendent of Education, declared the original Bayou Boeuf Elementary school building, also known as the "Little Red Schoolhouse", as the oldest continuously used one-room schoolhouse in Louisiana. kindergarten students have classes held in that building. On March 27, 2004, a 100-year anniversary party was scheduled to be held at the schoolhouse. This building was put on the National Register of Historic Places in 2004 as #04000082.</p><br>
<p>Students at Bayou Boeuf matriculate to Sixth Ward Middle School and Thibodaux High School.</p><br>
<p>The F.W. Wheeler House is a historic two-family residence at 31 Intervale Street in Richford, Vermont. Built in 1904 for a photographer, it is an unusual instance in the community of a duplex with Queen Anne styling. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2004.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The F.W. Wheeler House stands on the south side of Intervale Street, a residential side street in the village of Richford. It is a 2-1/2 story wood frame structure, with a symmetrical appearance that is still characterized by details typical of the Queen Anne period, better known for its asymmetrical designs. The main roof ridge runs parallel to the street, with lower gable sections projecting to the front and sides at each end. A porch extends between the front-facing projections, supported by turned posts, and there are similar porches on the sides. The interiors of the two units are organized as mirror images of each other, and retain original woodwork, wrought iron heating grates, and other features.</p><br>
<p>The house was built in 1904 for F.W. Wheeler, a native of Bristol, Vermont who had established a photography business in the bustling border town. It is unclear if Wheeler had it built as a rental property or if he occupied one of its units. The house is unusual because most of Richfords housing stock of the period was modestly scaled single-family units. The houses design matches in some details a pattern for a single-family residence published by the Radford Architectural Company in 1898.</p><br>
<p>The Benoit Apartments area pair of apartment houses at 439 and 447 Pearl Street in St. Johnsbury, Vermont. Both were built around the turn of the 20th century, and are respectively well-preserved examples of Colonial Revival and Queen Anne architecture with a long period of common ownership. They were each listed individually on the National Register of Historic Places in 1994, in listings that included street numbers current to that period.</p><br>
<h2>439 Pearl Street</h2><br>
<p>439 Pearl Street (formerly 74 Pearl Street) is a 2-1/2 story wood frame structure with a gabled roof and clapboarded exterior. Its styling is relatively modest, with plain cornerboards, and porches supported by Tuscan columns mounted above shingled half-walls. The most elaborate element is a cross gable on the main portion of the building, which has a Queen Anne-style lattice screen at the peak of the gable, and a recessed window below. The interior retains original woodwork and other features, although it is not particularly elaborate.</p><br>
<h2>447 Pearl Street</h2><br>
<p>447 Pearl Street (formerly 76 Pearl Street) is, like its neighbor, a 2-1/2 story wood frame structure with a gabled roof. Its exterior is distinguished from the other by its projecting polygonal bays, which are topped by turreted roofs, and the turned posts and spindled friezes of its porches. The interior retains many original features, and has a particularly elaborate main staircase.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The lots for these two houses were subdivided in 1892 from a parcel that housed the local jail. They were purchased in 1893 by Virginia Benoit, widow of a local barber. Maps of the period show that #439 was completed by 1894, and that construction of #447 was underway in 1900. In a 1904-05 directory of the town, Virginia Benoit was listed as being resident at #447, along with other family members. In 1912, they were sold to Edgar Roy, a blacksmith. Both houses remained in common ownership, and were eventually acquired by the local housing authority, which rehabilitated them in the 1990s.</p><br>
<p>Mission Dolores State Historic Site   is a 36-acre historic site including a 9 acre archaeological site listed on the National Register of Historic Places in San Augustine County, Texas that preserves the location of a Franciscan mission originally established in 1721. The site is located on the original El Camino Real de los Tejas trail. The site has no above ground remains of the mission but the mission&#39;s location is confirmed through archeological excavations. It is located half a mile south of San Augustine in the Piney Woods region of east Texas. Operated by the Texas Historical Commission, the site includes a campground, museum, gift shop and hiking trails.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The mission was founded in 1717 by Father Antonio Margil as part of the Ramon Expedition. The Spanish sought to solidify their claims on Spanish Texas by establishing missions and presidios throughout the border area with French Louisiana. Mission Dolores was one of 6 missions founded in East Texas. Located on Ayish Bayou, the small contingent of priests and soldiers worked to convert the native Ais Indians to Roman Catholicism. In 1719, the East Texas missions were abandoned following conflicts between the French and Spanish at Los Adaes. Margil and other missionaries retreated to San Antonio de Bexar. In San Antonio, Margil established Mission San José (Texas).</p><br>
<p>In 1721, the Spanish returned to East Texas and Mission Dolores was reestablished a short distance from its original location. This second location is preserved at Mission Dolores State Historic Site. The mission operated from 1721 until 1773 when the East Texas missions were once again closed. Despite operating for 52 years, the mission was not highly successful. The Ais did not live at the mission and were hesitant to accept this new religion. The missionaries baptized approximately 30 natives in 52 years. Most of the baptisms also happened at the point of death, leading many Ais to fear the baptismal waters believing the water brought death.</p><br>
<p>Only a handful of Europeans lived at Mission Dolores over the 52 years of occupation. Normally one or two priests lived at the mission with two soldiers and their families. Due to the extreme distance from the Spanish government in Mexico City, the missionaries often traded illegally with the closer French traders in Natchitoches, Louisiana.</p><br>
<p>The mission was abandoned in 1773. Anglo-American settlement began in the early nineteenth century and led to the establishment of San Augustine, Texas. The town grew up about half a mile from the mission location. According to contemporary newspapers, the American settlers were aware there was a mission south of town on "Mission Hill" but there were no longer any remains. The property remained in private hands and numerous homesteads were constructed on it throughout the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.</p><br>
<h2>Archeological Excavations</h2><br>
<p>Professional excavations began in the 1970s to determine the exact location of Mission Dolores. Dr. Kathleen Gilmore led the first investigation but her excavations were inconclusive. Dr. James Corbin of Stephen F. Austin State University led several field schools in the area and finally scientifically confirmed the location of Mission Dolores. Unfortunately the construction of Highway 147 destroyed approximately half of the site. However, Corbin was able to locate middens, wells, post holes and other features associated with the mission and recovered numerous 18th century artifacts.</p><br>
<p>Archeological investigations have continued since then. New evidence suggests the mission compound may be larger than originally thought. Recent technology has also been able to confirm the existence of an intact segment of El Camino Real de los Tejas National Historic Trail on the property, which would have run directly through the mission compound.</p><br>
<h2>Preservation</h2><br>
<p>The site of Mission Dolores had been preserved by landowners and community members throughout the latter half of the twentieth century. In the late nineties, the City of San Augustine received a grant to construct a museum, campground and archeology laboratory on the site. In 2016, the City of San Augustine requested that the Texas Historical Commission assume ownership and operation of the site. The request was accepted and Mission Dolores became the 21st State Historic Site and first Spanish Colonial site operated by the Texas Historical Commission. Future plans for the site include renovating and updating the museum exhibits, installing interpretive signage on the trails, and potentially constructing a historically accurate mission building. Educational programs at the site provide further insight into the history of the mission and other cultural resources of East Texas.</p><br>
<p>The Boston Wyoming Smelter Site was the site of a copper smelter that processed ores from the nearby Grand Encampment Mining District in Carbon County, Wyoming in the early 20th century. The site includes the former town of Rudefeha and is near Encampment, Wyoming. The smelter was constructed in 1902 by Grand Encampment promoter Willis George Emerson, connected to the main Ferris-Haggerty Mine location by a 16 mi aerial tram over the Continental Divide. The smelter initially produced matte, an intermediate product in copper refining. In 1903 it was upgraded to produce blister copper. Power for the blowers needed for the blister refining process came from a water turbine at the end of a 4 ft diameter wood-stave pipe from the South Fork of the Encampment River, 4 mi away. The smelter could process 300 to 400 tons of ore a day.</p><br>
<p>A decline in the price of copper, poor yield from the mines, bad weather and financial difficulties plagued the mining venture, particularly after it had been sold to outside investors for $10,000,000 in 1904. A fire in March 1906 destroyed most of the smelter, and another in May set back reconstruction efforts. The smelter was rebuilt, but was under-insured. By 1910 the Penn-Wyoming Copper Company was bankrupt and the smelter was shut down and salvaged in 1913.</p><br>
<p>All smelter buildings have been removed and the site is used as a trash dump. The foundations remain. The smelter site was placed on the National Register of Historic Places on July 2, 1973.</p><br>
<p>The South Union Street Historic District encompasses a historic 19th-century residential neighborhood for the upper middle class in Burlington, Vermont. Developed along South Union Street between Main and Howard Streets, South Union grew between about 1835 and 1938 as a popular area for well-to-do yet middle class Burlingtonians, affording views of Lake Champlain to the west. The architecturally diverse district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1988.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>Burlingtons South Union Street was first laid out early in the citys history, as one of its primary routes to the south. It was at first agrarian, with widely spaced brick houses, a number of which survive. The city&#39;s economy developed after the railroad arrived in the 1840s, and the road, set roughly midway between the lowlands along Lake Champlain, and the hill to the east where the University of Vermont campus is located, developed as an area where the newly well-to-do could build good quality homes with views of the lake. Houses are typically oriented toward the west, and set as far east (up the hill) as possible. Those on the east side of South Union, especially those built in the Second Empire and Queen Anne styles, also feature towers to improve the view.</p><br>
<p>The historic district is essentially linear, extending along South Union between Main and Howard Street. It extends to the sides to include properties on four side streets: Kingsland Terrace, Cliff Street, Bayview Street, and Spruce Street. The district covers 45 acre, and has 178 historically significant buildings, all residential. They are in a diversity of styles, but are typically two to two-and-one-half stories in height, and share similarities in size and setting.</p><br>
<p>The Edgewood Historic District–Aberdeen Plat is a residential historic district in the Edgewood neighborhood of eastern Cranston, Rhode Island. Bounded by Berwick Lane and Sefton Drive to the north, Broad Street to the west, Chiswick Road to the south, and the Providence River to the east, this area was developed between 1901 and 1957 as a streetcar suburb for middle and upper middle class residents on what was once a country estate. The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2016.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Aberdeen Plat was in the second half of the 19th century part of the country estate of Orray Taft, a prominent local businessman. His son Edward gave the city the eastern strip of this estate for the formation of what is now Narragansett Boulevard and Stillman Cove Park. By that time, Broad Street to the west was served by a streetcar line, running between Pawtuxet village to the south and downtown Providence to the north. The area just north of the Taft estate was being developed into residential streetcar suburb by the later 19th century. The rest of the Aberdeen Plat was acquired in several parcels by William M. Rhodes from the estate of Edward Taft in 1901. Rhodes formed the Aberdeen Land Company in 1902, which oversaw the area&#39;s subdivision and development.</p><br>
<p>The district is bounded on the north by Berwick Lane and Sefton Drive, where it abuts the Edgewood Historic District-Sally Greene Homestead Plats historic district, and is bounded on the south by the centerline of Chiswick Road. The house lots in the district are slightly larger than those of some of the plats to the north, ranging in size from 6,000 to 8,000 square feet. Most of the houses are between one and 2-1/2 stories in height and of wood frame construction, although there are a few houses where brick or stucco has been applied to the exterior. Setbacks from the street are typically moderate, and the lots are wide enough to include side yards and space for garages, which in some cases were added later. The only non-residential properties are a single commercial building on Broad Street, and the portions of Stillhouse Cove Park which fall within the district boundaries.</p><br>
<p>The Edgewood Historic District–Sally Greene Homestead Plats is a residential historic district in the Edgewood neighborhood of eastern Cranston, Rhode Island. Bounded by Glen Avenue to the north, Broad Street to the west, Massasoit Street to the south, and the Providence River to the east, this area was developed between 1900 and 1963 as a streetcar suburb for middle and lower middle class residents on what was once a country estate. The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2016.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Sally Greene Homestead Plats area was in the 18th century a landholding of one of Cranstons most prominent families, the Rhodeses. Sally Rhodes Remington Greene inherited the southern third of the familys coastal properties in 1801. This property was purchased in 1869 by Edward Taft, a textile manufacturer who owned an adjacent country estate just to the south. By that time, Broad Street to the west was served by a streetcar line, running between Pawtuxet village to the south and downtown Providence to the north. He promptly resold it to other interests, but eventually repurchasing some parts of it for development. Over a period spanning from 1897 to 1936, the area of the Sally Greene Homestead was platted out for development, which took place roughly from 1900 to 1963.</p><br>
<p>The districts northernmost street is Glen Avenue, where it abuts the Anstis Greene Estate Plats historic district to the north, and is bounded on the south by Massasoit Street, where it abuts the Aberdeen Plat historic district. The house lots in the district are small, ranging in size from 4,000 to 6,000 square feet, although due to irregularities in the terrain, some lots near the water are larger, ranging in size up to 15,000 square feet and commanding views of the waterfront. Most of the houses are between one and 2-1/2 stories in height and of wood frame construction, although there are a few houses where brick or stucco has been applied to the exterior. Stylistically they are diverse, representing styles popular at their time of construction. Setbacks from the street are typically moderate, with small yard spaces on all sides. The only non-residential property is a single commercial building on Broad Street. One 19th-century structure, a barn, is a rare reminder of the areas agrarian past.</p><br>
<p>The Olympia Downtown Historic District is a historic district located in Olympia, Washington, the state&#39;s capital. The district, listed on the National Register of Historic Places since 2004, covers 17 blocks in downtown Olympia and includes 51 contributing properties.</p><br>
<p>The majority of buildings in Downtown Olympia were built between 1911 and 1930, decades after Washington gained statehood with Olympia as its capital city. Three earthquakes, in 1949, 1965 and 2001, damaged buildings in downtown Olympia.</p><br>
<p>Several properties in the historic district were designed by architect Joseph Wohleb, who hails from the area.</p><br>
<h2>Buildings</h2><br>
<p>Individual buildings in the historic district include the Hotel Olympian, the Old Capitol Building and Capitol Theater. All of these are within one or two blocks of Sylvester Park, also named as part of the district.</p><br>
<p>Seven properties are landmarks in their own right and were already separately listed in the National Register:</p><br>
<p>the Old Capitol Building (#84),</p><br>
<p>Town Square, also known as Sylvester Park (#68).</p><br>
<p>Elk&#39;s Building (#39),</p><br>
<p>Jeffers Studio (#79),</p><br>
<p>Mottman Building (#18),</p><br>
<p>Olympia National Bank (#59), and</p><br>
<p>Olympia Public Library, a Carnegie Library (#86).</p><br>
<p>Starkweather School is an educational building located at 550 North Holbrook Street in Plymouth, Michigan. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2016.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Until the 1920s, the Plymouth school district had relied on a single, centrally located school to service its student population. The first school, a log structure, was built in 1830. This was replaced with a frame structure in 1840 and a larger brick school in 1884, which housed both elementary and high school students. This school burned in 1916, and was replaced with a large building. However, by 1922, the district had grown to nearly 1000 students, and even the 1916 school was severely overcrowded. An elementary school was added that year, located near the main school. By 1926, even this school was overcrowded, and the school board decided to construct a neighborhood elementary school in the North Village section of the city.</p><br>
<p>The school board hired the firm of Malcomson and Higginbotham to design this school, which was constructed by contractors Talbot & Meier. It was named for George Anson Starkweather, one of the pioneers of Plymouth and a former teacher in the district. The school opened in 1927. It was used as a neighborhood school for several decades, and a gymnasium and cafeteria addition was constructed at the rear in 1961. The school later was converted into an adult education center. It closed in 2013. The district sold the building in early 2016, and developers have plans to renovate the structure into 22 loft spaces, to be callsed "Starkweather Lofts".</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Starkweather School is a two-story I-plan structure, faced with red/brown brick with limestone trim, and topped with a high hipped roof. The front facade is symmetrical, with each end featuring prominent bay windows surrounded with limestone and topped with a parapet containing inset brick squares. Hipped roof sections project forward over the bays. Two entryways with arched limestone surrounds are located inboard of the bay windows. The roof was originally clad with slate, but now has asphalt shingles. A pair of limestone-trimmed red brick chimneys sit atop the roof, complementing the facade.</p><br>
<p>The front facade originally has banks of five tall side-by-side double-hung nine-over-nine windows. One bank was located in each of the two center bays and one more in each bay window in the bay above each. The bay windows had metal spandrel panels with raised center panels between the center bays’ upper and lower tiers. The side and rear facades also had more of these windows, with surrounds that matched those in the front facade. However, the original windows have been replaced with much smaller vinyl windows set into insulated panels that infill the original openings, and dramatically change the look of the building.</p><br>
<p>Two additions are connected to the main structure. The first is a single-story flat-roof red brick garage connected at the northeast rear corner. The second is a modern hipped roof, red brick gymnasium and cafeteria addition, connected at the southeast rear corner. The gymnasium addition has a windowless red brick base with clerestory windows above, now also replaced with smaller vinyl windows.</p><br>
<p>On the interior, the building is substantially original. The two entry vestibules have quarry tile floors and brick walls with decorative tiles, manufactured by the Flint Faience Tile Company inset. The corridors floors feature rust-colored sheet linoleum inset into a cream-colored terrazzo bases and with coved border. Corridor walls have a cement wainscoting topped with oak trim. The classroom floors are carpeted, with original wood floors beneath. Each classroom has a blackboard surrounded by stained oak trim, and coat and storage areas on another wall, with bulletin boards either side. The kindergarten room has, in addition, a fireplace surrounded with Flint Faience tile in a field of green, and an oak mantel. The same green Flint Faience tiles surround a drinking fountain.</p><br>
<p>The Bradley Covered Bridge is a historic covered bridge, carrying Center Street over Miller Run, a tributary of the Passumpsic River, in Lyndon, Vermont. Built in 1878, it was the last of Vermont&#39;s many 19th-century covered bridges to carry a numbered state highway . The bridge was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1977.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Bradley Covered Bridge is located north of central Lyndon, crossing Miller Run on Central Street just south of its junction with Gilman Road. The latter carries Vermont Route 122 on the north side of Miller Run, while Central Street runs south to the downtown area. The bridge is a single-span queenpost truss design, 56.5 ft long and 17.5 ft wide, with a roadway width of 15 ft. It is covered by a metal roof, and rests on abutments either faced or built out of concrete. Its sides are sheathed for half their height by vertical board siding. A sidewalk has been cantilevered out to the bridges east side; it is sheltered by a shed roof offset main roof. The bridges decking consists of wood planking.</p><br>
<p>The bridge was built in 1878 by E.H. Stone. It is similar in construction to five other area bridges, whose shared characteristics include extended eaves, half-wall siding, and portals with diagonal corners. In 1973, the bridge was crossed by an overheight truck, doing substantial damage to its south portal. The bridge has since then undergone restoration. At the time of its listing on the National Register, Vermont 122 was routed down Center Street, making the bridge the only 19th-century bridge carrying a state numbered highway in the state.</p><br>
<p>The Willard Manufacturing Company Building is a historic factory building at 25 Stowell Street in the city of St. Albans, Vermont. Built in 1896, the building saw industrial uses continuously until 2006, retaining many original early period features. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2006.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Willard Manufacturing Company is located in the industrial areas of St. Albans that flank the tracks of the Central Vermont Railroad. It is set on the north side of Stowell Street, at its junction with Allen Street, which runs north-south along the tracks. It is a flat-roofed two story wood-frame building, extending for about 200 ft along Stowell Street. It is set on a limestone foundation, and its roof has a slightly projecting cornice with occasional exposed rafter ends. Windows are tall and rectangular, with fixed upper portions and a short bottom sash. A single-story addition extends westward from the main block, with garage bay openings facing Allen Street. The interior has a lobby at the eastern end, and a largely open factory space on the balance of the ground floor, with offices and a showroom on the east end of the upper level.</p><br>
<p>The Willard Manufacturing Company was founded in 1886 by Rodney S. Willard, a prominent local garment manufacturer, by merging two businesses in which he was a partner. The business first produced overalls and frocks, but expanded to produce undergarments, hosiery, and swimwear. This factory was built in 1896 on land acquired from W. Beecher Fonda, a company board member who owned the adjacent lumber yard. The city had in 1895 suffered a devastating fire in its downtown area, and this factory was built using the latest in fire resistance and suppression methods. The Willard Company operated into the early 1940s, producing military uniforms during World War II. Its building was acquired in 1942 by the George H. Soule Company, makers of maple syrup evaporators. The Soule Company was responsible for partition some of the factory space for offices and other uses, and the addition of the garage to the west end. It was later owned by the Leader Evaporator Company, which moved to a modern plant in 2006.</p><br>
<p>The South Willard Street Historic District encompasses what was once the most fashionable residential area of Burlington, Vermont. Located along South Willard Street between Pearl and Beech Streets, the architecturally heterogeneous area was in the 19th century home to major estates of the city&#39;s business leaders, and has since been infilled with a variety of late 19th and early 20th century architecture. The district waslisted on the National Register of Historic Places in 1988.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The city of Burlington was incorporated in 1789, and grew rapidly thereafter as a major transportation and industrial hub. Willard Street was laid out in the early 19th century, roughly midway up the sloping terrain between Lake Champlain and the hilltop on which the University of Vermont (UVM) campus is located. Located uphill from downtown Burlington, the area soon developed as a fashionable residential area for the city&#39;s upper classes, resulting in a series of widely spaced Federal and Greek Revival houses. In the third quarter of the 19th century, successful businessmen built high-quality Italianate and Second Empire houses, sometimes subdividing the previous estates. Development pressure in the late 19th and early 20th centuries resulted in additional infill construction for the area, which now serves as a melting pot of local workers and students attending UVM or Champlain College, whose campus is located near the center of the district.</p><br>
<p>The historic district extends along South Willard Street (now designated United States Route 7) from Pearl Street in the north to Beach Street in the south. It includes properties along some of the adjacent side streets, most prominently along Howard, Cliff, Spruce, and Maple Streets. It covers about 67 acre, and includes 118 historically significant buildings. They are architecturally diverse, including nearly every architectural style popular in the 19th and early 20th centuries. Although most of these buildings were constructed as residences, some have been repurposed for institutional uses or converted into professional offices. Later buildings include multiunit apartment houses.</p><br>
<p>The Amaziah and Cornelia  Cannon House, also known as Crab Apple Grove, is a historic building located in Mason City, Iowa, United States. New York natives Amaziah and Cornelia Cannon settled here from Wisconsin in 1866 with their three children. They built this 1½-story stone house the same year in a grove of crab apple trees. It is one of three stone houses built during the settlement era remaining in Mason City. It was occupied by the Cannons and their descendants until 1963, when the present house on the farmstead was built immediately to the east. This house is currently unoccupied and in a deteriorating condition. It has been used as a workshop intermittently. At the time of its construction it was 3 mi northwest of town, but the farmstead was incorporated into the city limits in the 1970s. The immediate area has remained rural, however. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2004.</p><br>
